Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian)

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	Institutio Oratoria Author: Quintilian	Translator: Harold Edgeworth Butler
3459	Inclinari ad iudicem , cum doceas , utique si id de quo loquaris sit obscurius , decet . Incumbere advocato adversis subselliis sedenti contumeliosum . Reclinari etiam ad suos et manibus sustineri , nisi plane iusta fatigatio est , delicatum , sicut palam moneri excidentis aut legere .	On the other hand, when we are making some explanation to the judge, more especially if the point be somewhat obscure, a slight inclination in his direction will be not unbecoming. But to lean forward towards the advocate seated on the benches of our opponent is offensive, while, unless we are genuinely fatigued, it is a piece of affectation to lean back among our own friends and to be supported in their arms; the same remark also applies to the practice of being prompted aloud or reading from manuscript as though uncertain of our memory.
3460	Namque in his omnibus et vis illa dicendi solvitur et frigescit adfectus et iudex parum sibi praestari reverentiae credit . Transire in diversa subsellia parum verecundum est . Nam et Cassius Severus urbane adversus hoc facientem lineas poposcit . Et si aliquando concitate itur , nunquam non frigide reditur .	For all these mannerisms impair the force of our speaking, chill the effect of emotional appeals and make the judge think that he is not being treated with sufficient respect. To cross over to the seats of our opponents borders on impudence, and Cassius Severus showed a neat turn of wit when he demanded that a barrier might be erected between himself and an opponent who behaved in this fashion. Moreover, though to advance towards our opponent may at times produce an impression of passionate energy, the return to our former position will always prove correspondingly tame.
3461	Multum ex iis , quae praecepimus , mutari necesse est ab iis , qui dicunt apud tribunalia . Nam et vultus erectior , ut eum , apud quem dicitur , spectet ; et gestus ut ad eundem tendens elatior sit , necesse est ; et alia , quae occurrere etiam me tacente omnibus possunt . Itemque ab iis , qui sedentes agent . Nam et fere fit hoc in rebus minoribus , et iidem impetus actionis esse non possunt , et quaedam vitia fiunt necessaria .	Many of the rules which I have given will require modification by those who have to plead before judges seated on a dais. For in such cases the face must be raised somewhat higher, so that the speaker's eyes may be fixed on the president of the court: for the same reason his gestures must also be carried a little higher, while there are other details which will readily occur to my reader without any mention from me. Similar modifications will be likewise necessary for those who plead sitting. For this is done, as a rule, only in cases of minor importance, where delivery will necessarily be more restrained, and certain defects are inevitable.
3462	Nam et dexter pes a laeva iudicis sedenti proferendus est , et ex altera parte multi gestus necesse est in sinistrum eant , ut ad iudicem spectent . Equidem plerosque et ad singulas clausulas sententiarum video adsurgentes et nonnullos subinde aliquid etiam spatiantes , quod an deceat , ipsi viderint ; cum id faciunt , non sedentes agunt .	For example, when the speaker sits on the left side of the judge, he will have to advance his right foot, while if he be seated on the right, many of his gestures must be made from right to left, in order that they may be addressed to the judge. Personally, I note that many speakers start up at the conclusion of individual periods, while some proceed to walk to and fro for a little: it is for them to decide whether this is becoming or not: I will merely remark that, when they do this, they are not pleading seated.
3463	Bibere aut etiam esse inter agendum , quod multis moris fuit et est quibusdam , ab oratore meo procul absit . Nam si quis aliter dicendi onera perferre non possit , non ita miserum est non agere potiusque multo quam et operis et hominum contemptum fateri .	It was a common custom, which has not entirely disappeared, to drink or even to eat while pleading; but I shall not permit my ideal orator to do anything of the kind. For if a man cannot endure the burdens imposed by oratory without having recourse to such remedies, he should not find it a serious hardship to give up pleading altogether, a course which is far preferable to acknowledging his contempt both for his profession and his audience.
3464	Cultus non est proprius oratoris aliquis sed magis in oratore conspicitur . Quare sit , ut in omnibus honestis debet esse , splendidus et virilis . Nam et toga et calceus et capillus tam nimia cura quam negligentia sunt reprehendenda . Est aliquid in amictu , quod ipsum aliquatenus temporum condicione mutatum est . Nam veteribus nulli sinus , perquam breves post illos fuerunt .	With regard to dress, there is no special garb peculiar to the orator, but his dress comes more under the public eye than that of other men. It should, therefore, be distinguished and manly, as, indeed, it ought to be with all men of position. For excessive care with regard to the cut of the toga, the style of the shoes, or the arrangement of the hair, is just as reprehensible as excessive carelessness. There are also details of dress which are altered to some extent by successive changes in fashion. The ancients, for example, wore no folds, and their successors wore them very short.
3465	Itaque etiam gestu necesse est usos esse in principiis eos alio , quorum brachium , sicut Graecorum , veste continebatur . Sed nos de praesentibus loquimur . Cui lati clavi ius non erit , ita cingatur , ut tunicae prioribus oris infra genua paulum , posterioribus ad medios poplites usque perveniant . Nam infra mulierum est , supra centurionum .	Consequently it follows that in view of the fact that their arms were, like those of the Greeks, covered by the garment, they must have employed a different form of gesture in the exordium from that which is now in use. However, I am speaking of our own day. The speaker who has not the right to wear the broad stripe, will wear his girdle in such a way that the front edges of the tunic fall a little below his knees, while the edges in rear reach to the middle of his hams. For only women draw them lower and only centurions higher.
3466	Ut purpura recte descendat , levis cura est ; notatur interim negligentia . Latum habentium clavum modus est , ut sit paulum cinctis summissior . Ipsam togam rotundam esse et apte caesam velim , aliter enim multis modis fiet enormis . Pars eius prior mediis cruribus optime terminatur , posterior eadem portione altius qua cinctura .	If we wear the purple stripe, it requires but little care to see that it fills becomingly; negligence in this respect sometimes excites criticism. Among those who wear the broad stripe, it is the fashion to let it hang somewhat lower than in garments that are retained by the girdle. The toga itself should, in my opinion, be round, and cut to fit, otherwise there are a number of ways in which it may be unshapely. Its front edge should by preference reach to the middle of the shin, while tie back should be higher in proposition as the girdle is higher behind than in front.
3467	Sinus decentissimus , si aliquanto supra imam tunicam fuerit ; nunquam certe sit inferior . Ille , qui sub humero dextro ad sinistrum oblique ducitur velut balteus , nec strangulet nec fluat . Pars togae , quae postea imponitur , sit inferior ; nam ita et sedet melius et continetur . Subducenda etiam pars aliqua tunicae , ne ad lacertum in actu redeat ; tum sinus iniciendus humero , cuius extremam oram reiecisse non dedecet .	The fold is most becoming, if it fall to a point a little above the lower edge of the tunic, and should certainly never fall below it. The other fold which passes obliquely like a belt under the right shoulder and over the left, should neither be too tight nor too loose. The portion of the toga which is last to be arranged should fall rather low, since it will sit better thus and be kept in its place. A portion of the tunic also should be drawn back in order that it may not fall over the arm when we are pleading, and the fold should be thrown over the shoulder, while it will not be unbecoming if the edge be turned back.
3468	Operiri autem humerum cum toto iugulo non oportet , alioqui amictus fiet angustus et dignitatem , quae est in latitudine pectoris , perdet . Sinistrum brachium eo usque adlevandum est , ut quasi normalem illum angulum faciat , super quod ora ex toga duplex aequaliter sedeat .	On the other hand, we should not cover the shoulder and the whole of the throat, otherwise our dress will be unduly narrowed and will lose the impressive effect produced by breadth at the chest. Tire left arm should only be raised so far as to form a right angle at the elbow, while the edge of the toga should fall in equal lengths on either side.
3469	Manus non impleatur anulis , praecipue medios articulos non transeuntibus ; cuius erit habitus optimus adlevato pollice et digitis leviter inflexis , nisi si libellum tenebit . Quod non utique captandum est ; videtur enim fateri memoriae diffidentiam et ad multos gestus est impedimento .	The hand should not be overloaded with rings, which should under no circumstances encroach upon the middle joint of the finger. The most becoming attitude for the hand is produced by raising the thumb and slightly curving the fingers, unless it is occupied with holding manuscript. But we should not go out of our way to carry the latter, for it suggests an acknowledgement that we do not trust our memory, and is a hindrance to a number of gestures.
3470	Togam veteres ad calceos usque demittebant ut Graeci pallium ; idque ut fiat , qui de gestu scripserunt circa tempora illa , Plotius Nigidiusque praecipiunt . Quo magis miror Plinii Secundi docti hominis et in hoc utique libro paene etiam nimium curiosi persuasionem , qui solitum id facere Ciceronem velandorum varicum gratia tradit ; cum hoc amictus genus in statuis eorum quoque , qui post Ciceronem fuerunt , appareat .	The ancients used to let the toga fall to the heels, as the Greeks are in the habit of doing with the cloak: Plotius and Nigidius both recommend this in the books which they wrote about gesture as practised in their own day. I am consequently all the more surprised at the view expressed by so learned a man as Plinius Secundus, especially since it occurs in a book which carries minute research almost to excess: for he asserts that Cicero was in the habit of wearing his toga in such a fashion to conceal his varicose veins, despite the fact that this fashion is to be seen in the statues of persons who lived after Cicero's day.
3471	Palliolum sicut fascias , quibus crura vestiuntur , et focalia et aurium ligamenta sola excusare potest valetudo . Sed haec amictus observatio , dum incipimus ; procedente vero actu , iam paene ab initio narrationis , sinus ab humero recte velut sponte delabitur , et , cum ad argumenta ac locos ventum est , reicere a sinistro togam , deicere etiam , si haereat , sinum conveniet .	As regards the short cloak, bandages used to protect the legs, mufflers and coverings for the ears, nothing short of ill-health can excuse their use. But such attention to our dress is only possible at the beginning of a speech, since, as the pleading develops, in fact, almost from the beginning of the statement of facts, the fold will slip down from the shoulder quite naturally and as it were of its own accord, while when we come to arguments and commonplaces, it will be found convenient to throw back the toga from the left shoulder, and even to throw down the fold if it should stick.
3472	Laeva a faucibus ac summo pectore abducere licet : ardent enim iam omnia . Et ut vox vehementior ac magis varia est , sic amictus quoque habet actum quendam velut proeliantem .	The left hand may be employed to pluck the toga from the throat and the upper portion of the chest, for by now the whole body will be hot. And just as at this point the voice becomes more vehement and more varied in its utterance, so the clothing begins to assume something of a combative pose.
3473	Itaque ut laevam involvere toga et incingi paene furiosum est , sinum vero in dextrum humerum ab imo reicere solutum ac delicatum , fiuntque adhuc peius aliqua , ita cur laxiorem sinum sinistro brachio non subiciamus ? Habet enim acre quiddam atque expeditum et calori concitationique non inhabile .	Consequently, although to wrap the toga round the left hand or to pull it about us as a girdle would be almost a symptom of madness, while to throw back the fold from its bottom over the right shoulder would be a foppish and effeminate gesture, and there are yet worse effects than these, there is, at any rate, no reason why we should not place the looser portions of the fold under the left arm, since it gives an air of vigour and freedom not ill-suited to the warmth and energy of our action.
3474	Cum vero magna pars est exhausta orationis , utique adflante fortuna , paene omnia decent , sudor ipse et fatigatio et negligentior amictus et soluta ac velut labens undique toga .	When, however, our speech draws near its close, more especially if fortune shows herself kind, practically everything is becoming; we may stream with sweat, show signs of fatigue, and let our dress fall in careless disorder and the toga slip loose from us on every side.
3475	Quo magis miror hanc quoque succurrisse Plinio curam , ut ita sudario frontem siccari iuberet , ne comae turbarentur , quas componi post paulum , sicuti dignum erat , graviter et severe vetuit . Mihi vero illae quoque turbatae prae se ferre aliquid adfectus et ipsa oblivione curae huius commendari videntur .	This fact makes me all the more surprised that Pliny should think it worth while to enjoin the orator to dry his brow with a handkerchief in such a way as not to disorder the hair, although a little later he most properly, and with a certain gravity and sternness of language, forbids us to rearrange it. For my own part, I feel that dishevelled locks make an additional appeal to the emotions, and that neglect of such precautions creates a pleasing impression.
3476	At si incipientibus aut paulum progressis decidat toga , non reponere eam prorsus negligentis aut pigri aut quomodo debeat amiciri nescientis est . Haec sunt vel illustramenta pronuntiationis vel vitia , quibus propositis multa cogitare debet orator .	On the other hand, if the toga falls down at the beginning of our speech, or when we have only proceeded but a little way, the failure to replace it is a sign of indifference, or sloth, or sheer ignorance of the way in which clothes should be worn. The above are the chief adornments and faults of delivery. But there are a number of further considerations which the orator must bear in mind.
3477	Primum , quos , apud quos , quibus praesentibus sit acturus . Nam ut dicere alia aliis et apud alios magis concessum est , sic etiam facere . Neque eadem in voce , gestu , incessu , apud principem , senatum populum , magistratus , privato , publico iudicio , postulatione , actione similiter decent . Quam differentiam subiicere sibi quisque , qui animum intenderit , potest ; tum qua de re dicat , et efficere quid velit .	In the first place there is the question as to the character of speaker, judges and audience. For just as the methods of speaking may justifiably be varied to suit the characteristics of different orators and different judges, so it is with delivery. The same characteristics of voice, gesture and gait are not equally becoming in the presence of the emperor, the senate, the people, and magistrates, or in private and public trials, or in making a request to the praetor for the appointment of a judge to hear our case, and in actual pleading. Anyone who will reflect upon the matter will realise the nature of the differences involved, as he will also be able to realise the nature of the subject on which he is speaking and the effect which he desires to produce.
3478	Rei quadruplex observatio est . Una in tota causa . Sunt enim tristes , hilares , sollicitae , securae , grandes , pusillae , ut vix unquam ita sollicitari partibus earum debeamus , ut non summae meminerimus .	The considerations with regard to the subject are four in number, of which the first has reference to the case as a whole. For the case may be of a gloomy or a cheerful nature, an anxious business, or one that calls for no alarm, and may involve issues of great or trivial importance. We ought, therefore, never to be so preoccupied over particular portions of a case as to forget to consider the case as a whole.
3479	Altera , quae est in differentia partium , ut in prooemio , narratione , argumentatione , epilogo . Tertia in sententiis ipsis , in quibus secundum res et adfectus variantur omnia . Quarta in verbis , quorum ut est vitiosa , si efficere omnia velimus , imitatio , ita quibusdam nisi sua natura redditur , vis omnis aufertur .	The second point is concerned with the different aspects of the various portions of the speech, that is, the exordium, statement of facts, arguments and peroration. The third concerns the thoughts, which will vary according to the subject matter and the emotions which we require to awaken. The fourth has reference to the words, which must be given appropriate expression, unless their force is to be entirely wasted, although it is an error to attempt to make our delivery reproduce the sense of every single word.
3480	Igitur in laudationibus , nisi si funebres erunt , gratiarum actione , exhortatione , similibus laeta et magnifica et sublimis est actio . Funebres contiones , consolationes , plerumque causae reorum tristes atque summissae . In senatu conservanda auctoritas , apud populum dignitas , in privatis modus . De partibus causae et sententiis verbisque , quae sunt multiplicia , pluribus dicendum .	Consequently, in panegyric, funeral orations excepted, in returning thanks, exhortations and the like, the delivery must be luxuriant, magnificent, and grand. On the other hand, in funeral or consolatory speeches, together with most of those in defence of accused persons, the delivery will be melancholy and subdued. When we speak in the senate, it will be authoritative, when we address the people, dignified, and when we are pleading in private cases, restrained. As regards the respective portions of speeches, thoughts and words, I must speak at somewhat greater length, as the problems involved are manifold.
3481	Tria autem praestare debet pronuntiatio : conciliet , persuadeat , moveat , quibus natura cohaeret , ut etiam delectet . Conciliatio fere aut commendatione morum , qui nescio quomodo ex voce etiam atque actione perlucent , aut orationis suavitate constat ; persuadendi vis adfirmatione , quae interim plus ipsis probationibus valet .	There are three qualities which delivery should possess. It should be conciliatory, persuasive and moving, and the possession of these three qualities involves charm as a further requisite. A conciliatory effect may be secured either by charm of style or by producing an impression of excellence of character, which is in some mysterious way clearly revealed both by voice and gesture. A persuasive effect, on the other hand, is produced by the power of assertion, which is sometimes more convincing even than actual proof.
3482	An ista , inquit Calidio Cicero , si vera essent , sic a te dicerentur ? et , Tantum abfuit , ut inflammares nostros animos ; somnum isto loco vix tenebamus Fiducia igitur appareat et constantia , utique si auctoritas subest .	"Would those statements," says Cicero to Calidius, "have been delivered by you in such a manner if they had been true?" And again, " You were far from kindling our emotions. Indeed, at that point of your speech we could scarcely keep ourselves awake. " We must therefore reveal both confidence and firmness, above all, if we have the requisite authority to back them.
3483	Movendi autem ratio aut in repraesentandis est aut imitandis adfectibus . Ergo cum iudex in privatis aut praeco in publicis dicere de causa iusserit , leniter consurgendum ; tum in componenda toga vel , si necesse erit , etiam ex integro inicienda , dumtaxat in iudiciis ( apud principem enim et magistratus ac tribunalia non licebit ) , paulum est commorandum , ut et amictus sit decentior et protinus aliquid spatii ad cogitandum .	The method of arousing the emotions depends on our power to represent or imitate the passions. Therefore when the judge in private, or the usher in public cases, calls upon us to speak, we must rise with deliberation. We shall then, to make our garb the more becoming, and to secure a moment for reflexion, devote a brief space to the arrangement of our toga or even, if necessary, to throwing it on afresh; but it must be borne in mind that this injunction applies only to cases in the courts; for we must not do this if we are speaking before the emperor or a magistrate, or in cases where the judge sits in a position of superior authority.
3484	Etiam cum ad iudicem nos converterimus , et consultus praetor permiserit dicere , non protinus est erumpendum , sed danda brevis cogitationi mora . Mire enim auditurum dicturi cura delectat , et iudex se ipse componit .	Even when we turn to the judge, and have requested and received the praetor's permission to address the court, we must not break forth at once into speech, but should allow ourselves a few moments for reflexion. For the display of such care on the part of one who is about to speak attracts the audience and gives the judge time to settle down.
3485	Hoc praecipit Homerus Ulixis exemplo , quem stetisse oculis in terram defixis immotoque sceptro , priusquam illam eloquentiae procellam effunderet , dicit . In hac cunctatione sunt quaedam non indecentes , ut appellant scenici , morae , caput mulcere , manum intueri , infringere articulos , simulare conatum , suspiratione sollicitudinem fateri , aut quod quemque magis decet , eaque diutius , si iudex nondum intendet animum .	Homer inculcates this practice by placing before us the example of Ulysses, whom he describes as having stood for a while with eyes fixed on the ground and staff held motionless, before he poured forth his whirlwind of eloquence. In this preliminary delay there are certain pauses, as the actors call them, which are not unbecoming. We may stroke our head, look at our hand, wring the fingers, pretend to summon all our energies for the effort, confess to nervousness by a deep sigh, or may adopt any other method suited to our individual character, while these proceedings may be extended over some time, if we find that the judge is not yet giving us his attention.
3486	Status sit rectus , aequi et diducti paulum pedes vel procedens minimo momento sinister ; genua recta , sic tamen , ut non extendantur ; humeri remissi , vultus severus , non maestus nec stupens nec languidus ; brachia a latere modice remota ; manus sinistra , qualem supra demonstraui ; dextra , cum iam incipiendum erit , paulum prolata ultra sinum gestu quam modestissimo , velut spectans quando incipiendum sit .	Our attitude should be upright, our feet level and a slight distance apart, or the left may be very slightly advanced. The knees should be upright, but not stiff; the shoulders relaxed, the face stern, but not sad, expressionless or languid: the arms should be held slightly away from the side, the left hand being in the position described above, while the right, at the moment when our speech begins, should be slightly extended beyond the fold of the toga with the most modest of gestures, as though waiting for the commencement.
3487	Vitiosa enim sunt illa , intueri lacunaria , perfricare faciem et quasi improbam facere , tendere confidentia vultum aut , quo sit magis torvus , superciliis adstringere , capillos a fronte contra naturam retroagere , ut sit horror ille terribilis ; tum , id quod Graeci frequentissime faciunt , crebro digitorum labiorumque motu commentari , dare excreare , pedem alterum longe proferre , partem togae sinistra tenere , stare diductum vel rigidum vel supinum vel incurvum vel humeris , ut luctaturi solent , ad occipitium ductis .	For it is a mistake to look at the ceiling, to rub the face and give it a flush of impudence, to crane it boldly forward, to frown in order to secure a fierce expression, or brush back the hair from the forehead against its natural direction in order to produce a terrifying effect by making it stand on end. Again, there are other unseemly tricks, such as that so dear to the Greeks of twitching our fingers and lips as though studying what to say, clearing the throat with a loud noise, thrusting out one foot to a considerable distance, grasping a portion of the toga in the left hand, standing with feet wide apart, holding ourselves stiffly, leaning backwards, stooping, or bunching our shoulders toward the back of the head, as wrestlers do when about to engage.
3488	Prooemio frequentissime lenis convenit pronuntiatio . Nihil enim est ad conciliandum gratius verecundia , non tamen semper ; neque enim uno modo dicuntur exordia , ut docui . Plerumque tamen et vox temperata et gestus modestus et sedens humero toga et laterum lenis in utramque partem motus , eodem spectantibus oculis , decebit .	A gentle delivery is most often best suited to the exordium. For there is nothing better calculated than modesty to win the good-will of the judge, although there are exceptions to the rule, since, as I have already pointed out, all exordia are not delivered in the same manner. But, generally speaking, a quiet voice, a modest gesture, a toga sitting well upon the shoulder, and a gentle motion of the sides to right and left, accompanied by a corresponding movement of the eyes, will all be found to produce a becoming effect.
3489	Narratio magis prolatam manum , amictum recidentem , gestum distinctum , vocem sermoni proximam et tantum acriorem , sonum simplicem frequentissime postulabit in his dumtaxat : Q . enim Ligarius , cum esset in Africa nulla belli suspicio , et A . Cluentius Habitus paler huiusce . Aliud in eadem poscent adfectus , vel concitati Nubit genero socrus , vel flebiles Constituitur in foro Laodiceae spectaculum acerbum et miserum toti Asiae provinciae . Maxime varia et multiplex actio est probationum .	In the statement of facts the hand should on most occasions be further extended, the toga allowed to slip back, the gestures sharply distinguished and the voice colloquial, but slightly more emphatic, while there should also be uniformity of tone. Such, at any rate, should be the delivery of a passage such as the following: "For Quintus Ligarius, since there was no hint of the likelihood of the war in Africa," or "Aulus Cluentius Habitus, this man's father." But different methods may be called for in this same portion of the speech, in passionate utterances such as, "The mother-in-law weds her son-in-law," or in pathetic passages such as, " There in the market-place of Laodicea was displayed a grievous and afflicting spectacle for all the province of Asia to behold. "
3490	Nam et proponere , partiri , interrogare sermoni sunt proxima , et contradictionem sumere : nam ea quoque diversa propositio est . Sed haec tamen aliquando irridentes , aliquando imitantes pronuntiamus .	The proofs, however, require the utmost variety of delivery. For to state them and distinguish between their various points, and to examine witnesses, we employ something not far removed from a colloquial tone, as is also the case in anticipating objections, which is really another form of statement. But in all these cases we sometimes deride, and sometimes mimic our opponents.
3491	Argumentatio plerumque agilior et acrior et instantior consentientem orationi postulat etiam gestum , id est fortem celeritatem . Instandum quibusdam in partibus et densanda oratio . Egressiones fere lenes et dulces et remissae , raptus Proserpinae , Siciliae descriptio , Cn . Pompeii laus . Neque enim mirum minus habere contentionis ea quae sunt extra quaestionem .	Argument, being as a rule of a livelier, more energetic and aggressive character, demands a type of gesture adapted to its style, that is to say, it should be bold and rapid. There are certain portions of our arguments that require to be pressed home with energy, and in these our style must be compact and concentrated. Digressions, as a rule, are characterised by gentleness, calm and placidity, as, for example, in Cicero's description of the Rape of Proserpine, his picture of Sicily, or his panegyric of Pompey. For naturally passages which deal with subjects lying outside the main question in dispute demand a less combative tone.
3492	Mollior nonnunquam cum reprehensione diversae partis imitatio : Uidebar videre alios intrantis , alios autem exeuntes , quosdam ex vino vacillantes . Ubi non dissidens a voce permittitur gestus quoque , in utramque partem tenera quaedam , sed intra manus tamen et sine motu laterum translatio .	There are occasions on which we may adopt a gentle manner in depreciating our opponents by giving a picture of their character, as in the following passage: " I seemed to see some persons entering the room and others leaving it, while others were staggering to and fro under the influence of wine. " Under such circumstances we may even allow the gesture to match the voice, and may employ a gentle movement from side to side: but this motion should be confined to the hands, and there should be no movement of the flanks.
3493	Accendendi iudicis plures sunt gradus . Summus ille et quo nullus est in oratore acutior : Suscepto bello , Caesar , gesto iam etiam ex parte magna . Praedixit enim : Quantum potero voce contendam , ut populus hoc Romanus exaudiat . Paulum inferior et habens aliquid iam iucunditatis : Quid enim tuus ille , Tubero , in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ?	There are a number of gradations of tone which may be employed to kindle the feeling of the judges. The most vehement tones that an orator is ever called upon to use will be employed in passages such as the following: "When the war was begun, Caesar, and was, in fact, well on its way to a conclusion." For he has just said: "I will use my voice to its fullest power, that all the Roman people may hear me." On the other hand, a lower tone, not devoid of a certain charm, should be employed in passages such as: " What was that sword of yours doing, 'Tubero, that sword that was drawn on the field of Pharsalus? "
3494	Plenius adhuc et lentius ideoque dulcius : In coetu vero populi Romani negotium publicum gerens . Producenda omnia trahendaeque tum vocales aperiendaeque sunt fauces . Pleniore tamen haec canali fluunt : Vos , Albani tumuli atque luci . Iam cantici quiddam habent sensimque resupina sunt : Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent .	But the utterance must be fuller, slower, and consequently sweeter, when the orator says, " But in an assembly of the Homan people, and when he was performing his official functions. " In this passage every sound should e drawn out, we should dwell upon the vowel-sounds and speak fill-throated. Still fuller should be the stream of our voice in the invocation, "You, hills and groves of Alba" ; while a tone not far removed from chanting, and dying away to a cadence, should be employed in delivering the phrase, "Rocks and solitudes answer to the voice."
3495	Tales sunt illae inclinationes vocis , quas invicem Demosthenes atque Aeschines exprobrant , non ideo improbandae ; cum enim uterque alteri obiiciat , palam est utrumque fecisse . Nam neque ille per Marathonis et Plataearum et Salaminis propugnatores recto sono iuravit , nec ille Thebas sermone deflevit .	These are the modulations denounced by Demosthenes and Aeschines, but they do not necessarily for that reason merit our disapprobation. For as each of these orators taunts the other with making use of them, it is clear that they were employed by both. We may be sure that Demosthenes did not restrict himself to his ordinary simplicity of tone when he swore by those that fought for their country at Marathon, Plataea and Salamis, nor did Aeschines employ a colloquial utterance when he lamented for the fate of Thebes.
3496	Est his diversa vox et paene extra organum , cui Graeci nomen amaritudinis dederunt , super modum ac paene naturam vocis humanae acerba : Quin compescitis vocem istam , indicem stultitiae , testem paucitatis ? Sed id , quod excedere modum dixi , in illa parte prima est : Quin compescitis .	There is also an entirely different tone, which might be described as lying almost outside the range of the instrument. The Greeks call it bitterness, and it consists in an extravagant acerbity almost beyond the compass of the human voice. It is employed in passages such as, " Why do you not restrain those cries, the proof of your folly and the evidence of your small numbers? " But the extravagance of which I spoke will come in at the opening, where the orator cries, "Why do you not restrain?"