Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian)

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	Institutio Oratoria Author: Quintilian	Translator: Harold Edgeworth Butler
3155	Nota sit primum dicendi via . Neque enim prius contingere cursus potest quam scierimus , quo sit et qua perveniendum . Nec satis est non ignorare quae sunt causarum iudicialium partes , aut quaestionum ordinem recte disponere , quanquam ista sunt praecipua , sed quid quoque loco primum sit ac secundum et deinceps ; quae ita sunt natura copulata , ut mutari aut intervelli sine confusione non possint .	In the first place, we must note the direction which the argument is likely to take, since we cannot run our race unless we know the goal and the course. It is not enough to know what are the parts into which forensic pleadings are divided or the principles determining the order of the various questions, important though these points are. We must realise what should come first, second, and so on, in the several parts; for these points are so closely linked together by the very nature of things that they cannot be separated, nor their order changed, without giving rise to confusion.
3156	Quisquis autem via dicet , ducetur ante omnia rerum ipsa serie velut duce ; propter quod homines etiam modice exercitati facillime tenorem in narrationibus servant . Deinde , quid quoque loco quaerant , scient . nec circumspectabunt nec offerentibus se aliunde sensibus turbabuntur nec confundent ex diversis orationem velut salientes huc illuc nec usquam insistentes .	The orator, who speaks methodically, will above all take the actual sequence of the various points as his guide, and it is for this reason that even but moderately trained speakers find it easiest to keep the natural order in the statement of facts. Secondly, the orator must know what to look for in each portion of his case: he must not beat about the bush or allow himself to be thrown off the track by thoughts which suggest themselves from irrelevant quarters, or produce a speech which is a confused mass of incongruities, owing to his habit of leaping this way and that, and never sticking to any one point.
3157	Postremo habebunt modum et fine , qui esse citra divisionem nullus potest . Expletis pro facultate omnibus quae proposuerint , pervenisse se ad ultimum sentient . Et haec quidem ex arte , illa vero ex studio : ut copiam sermonis optimi , quemadmodum praeceptum est , comparemus : multo ac fideli stilo sic formetur oratio , ut scriptorum colorem etiam quae subito effusa sint reddant , ut , cum multa scripserimus , etiam multa dicamus .	Finally, he must confine himself to certain definite bounds, and for this division is absolutely necessary. When to the best of his ability he has dealt fully with all the points which he has advanced, he will know that he has reached his goal. The precepts just given are dependent on theory. Those to which I now come depend on individual study. We must acquire a store of the best words and phrases on lines that I have already laid down, while our style must be formed by continuous and conscientious practice in writing, so that even our improvisations may reproduce the tone of our writing, and after writing much, we must give ourselves frequent practice in speaking.
3158	Nam consuetudo et exercitatio facilitatem maxime parit ; quae si paulum intermissa fuerit , non velocitas illa modo tardatur , sed ipsum os coit atque concurrit . Quanquam enim opus est naturali quadam mobilitate animi ut , dum proxima dicimus , struere ulteriora possimus semperque nostram vocem provisa et formata cogitatio excipiat ,	For facility is mainly the result of habit and exercise and, if it be lost only for a brief time, the result will be not merely that we fall short of the requisite rapidity, but that our lips will become clogged and slow to open. For although we need to possess a certain natural nimbleness of mind to enable us, while we are saying what the instant demands, to build up what is to follow and to secure that there will always be some thought formed and conceived in advance ready to serve our voice, none the less,
3159	vix tamen aut natura aut ratio in tam multiplex officium diducere animum queat , ut inventioni , dispositioni , elocutioni , ordini rerum verborumque , tum iis , quae dicit , quae subiuncturus est , quae ultra spectanda sunt , adhibita vocis , pronuntiationis , gestus observatione , una sufficiat .	it is scarcely possible either for natural gifts or for methodic art to enable the mind to grapple simultaneously with such manifold duties, and to be equal at one and the same time to the tasks of invention, arrangement, and style, together with what we are uttering at the moment, what we have got to say next and what we have to look to still further on, not to mention the fact that it is necessary all the time to give close attention to voice, delivery and gesture.
3160	Longe enim praecedat oportet intentio ac prae se res agat , quantumque dicendo consumitur , tantum ex ultimo prorogetur ; ut , donec perveniamus ad finem , non minus prospectu procedamus quam gradu , si non intersistentes offensantesque brevia illa atque concisa singultantium modo eiecturi sumus .	For our mental activities must range far ahead and pursue the ideas which are still in front, and in proportion as the speaker pays out what he has in hand, he must make advances to himself from his reserve funds, in order that, until we reach our conclusion, our mind's eye may urge its gaze forward, keeping time with our advance: otherwise we shall halt and stumble, and pour forth short and broken phrases, like persons who can only gasp out what they have to say.
3161	Est igitur usus quidam irrationalis , quem Graeci ἄλογον τριβήν vocant , qua manus in scribendo decurrit , qua oculi totos simul in lectione versus flexusque eorum et transitus intuentur , et ante sequentia vident quam priora dixerunt . Quo constant miracula illa in scenis pilariorum ac ventilatorum , ut ea quae emiserint ultro venire in manus credas et qua iubentur decurrere .	There is, therefore, a certain mechanical knack, which the Greeks call ἄλογος τριβή, which enables the hand to go on scribbling, while the eye takes in whole lines at once as it reads, observes the intonations and the stops, and sees what is coming before the reader has articulated to himself what precedes. It is a similar knack which makes possible those miraculous tricks which we see jugglers and masters of sleight of hand perform upon the stage, in such a manner that the spectator can scarcely help believing that the objects which they throw into the air come to hand of their own accord, and run where they are bidden.
3162	Sed hic usus ita proderit , si ea de qua locuti sumus ars antecesserit , ut ipsum illud , quod in se rationem non habet , in ratione versetur . Nam mihi ne dicere quidem videtur nisi qui disposite , ornate , copiose dicit , sed tumultuari .	But this knack will only be of real service if it be preceded by the art of which we have spoken, so that what is irrational in itself will nevertheless be founded on reason. For unless a man speaks in an orderly, ornate and fluent manner, I refuse to dignify his utterance with the name of speech, but consider it the merest rant.
3163	Nec fortuiti sermonis contextum mirabor unquam , quem iurgantibus etiam mulierculis superfluere video , cum eo quod , si calor ac spiritus tulit , frequenter accidit ut successum extemporalem consequi cura non possit .	Nor again shall I ever be induced to admire a continuous flow of random talk, such as I note streams in torrents even from the lips of women when they quarrel, although, if a speaker is swept away by warmth of feeling and genuine inspiration, it frequently happens that he attains a success from improvisation which would have been beyond the reach of the most careful preparation.
3164	Deum tunc adfuisse , cum id evenisset , veteres oratores , ut Cicero , dictitabant . Sed ratio manifesta est . Nam bene concepti adfectus et recentes rerum imagines continuo impetu feruntur , quae nonnumquam mora stili refrigescunt et dilatae non revertuntur . Utique vero , cum infelix illa verborum cavillatio accessit et cursus ad singula vestigia restitit , non potest ferri contorta vis , sed , ut optime vocum singularum cedat electio , non continua , sed composita est .	When this occurred, the old orators, such as Cicero, used to say that some god had inspired the speaker. But the reason is obvious. For profound emotion and vivid imagination sweep on with unbroken force, whereas, if retarded by the slowness of the pen, they are liable to grow cold and, it put off for the moment, may never return. Above all, if we add to these obstacles an unhealthy tendency to quibble over the choice of words, and check our advance at each step, the vehemence of our onset loses its impetus; while even though our choice of individual words may be of the happiest, the style will be a mere patchwork with no regular pattern.
3165	Quare capiendae sunt illae , de quibus dixi , rerum imagines , quas vocari φαντασίας indicavimus , omniaque , de quibus dicturi erimus , personae , quaestiones , spes , metus habenda in oculis , in adfectus recipienda . Pectus est enim , quod disertos facit , et vis mentis . Ideoque imperitis quoque , si modo sint aliquo adfectu concitati , verba non desunt .	Consequently those vivid conceptions of which I spoke and which, as I remarked, are called φαντασίαι, together with everything that we intend to say, the persons and questions involved, and the hopes and fears to which they give rise, must be kept clearly before our eyes and admitted to our hearts: for it is feeling and force of imagination that make us eloquent. It is for this reason that even the uneducated have no difficulty in finding words to express their meaning, if only they are stirred by some strong emotion.
3166	Tum intendendus animus , non in aliquam rem unam , sed in plures simul continuas ; ut , si per aliquam rectam viam mittamus oculos , simul omnia quae sunt in ea circaque intuemur , non ultimum tantum videmus sed usque ad ultimum . Addit ad dicendum etiam pudor stimulos , mirumque videri potest , quod , cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet , extemporalis actio auditorium frequentia , ut miles congestu signorum , excitatur .	Further the attention of the mind must be directed not to some one thing, but simultaneously to a number of things in continuous sequence. The result will be the same as when we cast our eyes along some straight road and see at once all that is on and near it, obtaining a view not merely of its end, but of the whole way there. Dread of the shame of failure is also a powerful stimulant to oratory, and it may be regarded as a matter for wonder that, whereas when writing we delight in privacy and shrink from the presence of witnesses, in extempore pleading a large audience has an encouraging effect, like that which the sight of the massed standards has on the soldier.
3167	Namque et difficiliorem cogitationem exprimit et expellit dicendi necessitas , et secundos impetus auget placendi cupido . Adeo pretium omnia spectant , ut eloquentia quoque , quanquam plurimum habeat in se voluptatis , maxime tamen praesenti fructu laudis opinionisque ducatur .	For the sheer necessity of speaking thrusts forward and forces out our labouring thought, and the desire to win approbation kindles and fosters our efforts. So true is it that there is nothing which does not look for some reward, that eloquence, despite the fact that its activity is in itself productive of a strong feeling of pleasure, is influenced by nothing so much as the immediate acquisition of praise and renown.
3168	Nec quisquam tantum fidat ingenio , ut id sibi speret incipienti statim posse contingere , sed , sicut in cogitatione praecipimus , ita facilitatem quoque extemporalem a parvis initiis paulatim perducemus ad summam , quae neque perfici neque contineri nisi usu potest .	Nor should any man put such trust in his native ability as to hope that this power will present itself to him at the outset of his career as an orator; for the precepts which I laid down for premeditation apply to improvisation also; we must develop it by gradual stages from small beginnings, until we have reached that perfection which can only be produced and maintained by practice.
3169	Ceterum pervenire eo debet , ut cogitatio non utique melior sit ea sed tutior , cum hanc facilitatem non prosa modo multi sint consecuti , sed etiam carmine , ut Antipater Sidonius et Licinius Archias ( credendum enim Ciceroni est ) , non quia nostris quoque temporibus non et fecerint quidam hoc et faciant . Quod tamen non ipsum tam probabile puto , ( neque enim habet aut usum res aut necessitatem ) quam exhortandis in hanc spem , qui foro praeparantur , utile exemplum .	Moreover, the orator should reach such a pitch of excellence that, while premeditation may still be the safer method, it will not necessarily be the better, since many have acquired the gift of improvisation not merely in prose, but in verse as well, as, for example, Antipater of Sidon and Licinius Archias (for whose powers we have the unquestionable authority of Cicero ), not to mention the fact that there are many, even in our own day, who have done this and are still doing it. I do not, however, regard this accomplishment as being particularly valuable in itself, for it is both unpractical and unnecessary, but mention it as a useful example to encourage students training for the bar, in the hope that they may be able to acquire this accomplishment.
3170	Neque vero tanta esse unquam debet fiducia facilitatis , ut non breve saltem tempus , quod nusquam fere deerit , ad ea quae dicturi simus dispicienda sumamus , quod quidem in iudiciis ac foro datur semper . Neque enim quisquam est , qui causam quam non didicerit agat .	Still our confidence in our power of speaking extempore should never be so great that we should neglect to devote a few minutes to the consideration of what we are going to say. There will but rarely be occasions when this is impossible, while in the lawsuits of the courts there is always some time allowed for the purpose. For no one can plead a cause with the facts of which be is unacquainted.
3171	Declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio , ut exposita controversia protinus dicere velint ; quin etiam , quod est in primis frivolum ac scenicum , verbum petant , quo incipiant . Sed tam contumeliosos in se ridet invicem eloquentia , et qui stultis videri eruditi volunt , stulti eruditis videntur .	Some declaimers, it is true, are led by a perverse ambition to attempt to speak the moment their theme has been given them, and even ask for a word with which to start, an affectation which is in the worst and most theatrical taste. But eloquence has, in her turn, nothing but derision for those that insult her thus, and speakers who wish to seem learned to fools are merely regarded as fools by the learned.
3172	Si qua tamen fortuna tam subitam fecerit agendi necessitatem , mobiliore quodam opus erit ingenio , et vis omnis intendenda rebus , et in praesentia remittendum aliquid ex cura verborum , si consequi utrumque non dabitur . Tum et tardior pronuntiatio moras habet et suspensa ac velut dubitans oratio , ut tamen deliberate , non haesitare videamur .	If, however, chance should impose the necessity upon us of pleading a case at such short notice, we shall require to develop special mental agility, to give all our attention to the subject, and to make a temporary sacrifice of our care for the niceties of language, if we find it impossible to secure both. On such occasions a slower delivery and a style of speaking suggestive of a certain indecision and doubt will secure us time to think, but we must be careful to do this in such a way as to give the impression of thought, not of hesitation.
3173	Hoc , dum egredimur e portu , si nos nondum aptatis satis armamentis aget ventus ; deinde paulatim simul euntes aptabimus vela et disponemus rudentes et impleri sinus optabimus . Id potius quam se inani verborum torrenti dare quasi tempestatibus quo volent auferendum .	This precaution may be employed while we are clearing harbour, if the wind drive us forward before all our tackle is ready. Afterwards, as we proceed upon our course, we shall trim our sails, arrange our ropes, and pray that the breeze may fill our sails. Such a procedure is preferable to yielding ourselves to an empty torrent of words, that the storm may sweep us where it will.
3174	Sed non minore studio continetur haec facultas quam paratur . Ars enim semel percepta non labitur , stilus quoque intermissione paulum admodum de celeritate deperdit ; promptum hoc et in expedito positum exercitatione sola continetur . Hac uti sic optimum est , ut cotidie dicamus audientibus pluribus , maxime de quorum simus iudicio atque opinione solliciti ; rarum est enim ut satis se quisque vereatur .	But it requires no less careful study to maintain than to acquire this facility. Theory once mastered is not forgotten, and the pen loses but little of its speed by disuse: but this promptitude and readiness for action can be maintained by practice only. The best form of exercise is to speak daily before an audience of several persons, who should, as far as possible, be selected from those whose judgement and good opinion we value, since it is rare for anyone to be sufficiently critical of himself. It is even better to speak alone than not at all.
3175	Vel soli tamen dicamus potius quam omnino non dicamus . Est et illa exercitatio cogitandi totasque materias vel silentio ( dum tamen quasi dicat intra se ipsum ) persequendi , quae nullo non et tempore et loco , quando non aliud agimus , explicari potest , et est in parte utilior quam haec proxima .	There is yet another method of exercising this faculty: it consists in going over our subjects in their entirety in silent thought, although we must all the time formulate the words to ourselves: such practice is possible at any moment or place that finds us unoccupied, and is, in some respects, more useful than that which I have just mentioned;
3176	Diligentius enim componitur quam illa , in qua contextum dicendi intermittere veremur . Rursus in alia plus prior confert , vocis firmitatem , oris facilitatem , motum corporis , qui et ipse , ut dixi , excitat oratorem et iactatione manus , pedis supplosione , sicut cauda leones facere dicuntur , hortatur . Studendum vero semper et ubique .	for we are more careful about our composition than when we are actually speaking and in momentary fear of interrupting the continuous flow of our language. On the other hand, the first method is more valuable for certain purposes, as it gives strength to our voice, fluency to our tongue and vigour to our gesture; and the latter, as I have already remarked, in itself excites the orator and spurs him on, as he waves his hand or stamps his foot: he is, in fact, like the lion, that is said to lash himself to fury with his tail. But we must study always and everywhere.
3177	Neque enim fere tam est ullus dies occupatus , ut nihil lucrativae , ut Cicero Brutum facere tradit , operae ad scribendum aut legendum aut dicendum rapi aliquo momento temporis possit ; siquidem C . Carbo etiam in tabernaculo solebat hac uti exercitatione dicendi .	For there is scarce a single day in our lives that is so full of occupations that we may not, at some moment or other, snatch a few precious minutes, as Cicero records that Brutus was wont to do, either for writing or reading or speaking; Gaius Carbo, for example, was in the habit of indulging in such exercises even in his tent.
3178	Ne id quidem tacendum , quod eidem Ciceroni placet , nullum nostrum usquam negligentem esse sermonem ; quidquid loquemur ubicunque , sit pro sua scilicet portione perfectum . Scribendum certe nunquam est magis , quam cum multa dicemus ex tempore . Ita enim servabitur pondus , et innatans illa verborum facilitas in altum reducetur ; sicut rustici proximas vitis radices amputant , quae illam in summum solum ducunt , ut inferiores penitus descendendo firmentur .	I must also mention the precept (which again has the approval of Cicero ) that we should never be careless about our language. Whatever we say, under whatever circumstances, should be perfect in its way. As regards writing, this is certainly never more necessary than when we have frequently to speak extempore. For it maintains the solidity of our speech and gives depth to superficial facility. We may compare the practice of husbandmen who cut away the uppermost roots of their vines, which run close to the surface of the soil, that the taproots may strike deeper and gain in strength.
3179	Ac nescio an , si utrumque cum cura et studio fecerimus , invicem prosit , ut scribendo dicamus diligentius , dicendo scribamus facilius . Scribendum ergo , quotiens licebit ; si id non dabitur , cogitandum ; ab utroque exclusi debent tamen sic dicere , ut neque deprehensus orator neque litigator destitutus esse videatur .	Indeed I am not sure that, if we practise both with care and assiduity, mutual profit will not result, and writing will give us greater precision of speech, while speaking will make us write with greater facility. We must write, therefore, whenever possible; if we cannot write, we must meditate: if both are out of the question, we must still speak in such a manner that we shall not seem to be taken unawares nor our client to be left in the lurch.
3180	Plerumque autem multa agentibus accidit , ut maxime necessaria et utique initia scribant , cetera quae domo adferunt cogitatione complectantur , subitis ex tempore occurrant ; quod fecisse M . Tullium commentariis ipsius apparet . Sed feruntur aliorum quoque et inventi forte , ut eos dicturus quisque composuerat , et in libros digesti , ut causarum quae sunt actae a Ser . Sulpicio , cuius tres orationes extant ; sed hi de quibus loquor commentarii ita sunt exacti , ut ab ipso mihi in memoriam posteritatis videantur esse compositi .	It is, however, a common practice with those who have many cases to plead to write out the most necessary portions, more especially the beginnings of their speeches, to cover the remainder of that which they are able to prepare by careful premeditation and to trust to improvisation in emergency, a practice regularly adopted by Cicero, as is clear from his note-books. But the notes of other orators are also in circulation; some have been discovered by chance, just as they were jotted down previous to a speech, while others have been edited in book form, as in the case of the speeches delivered in the courts by Servius Sulpicius, of whose works only three speeches survive. These memoranda, however, of which I am speaking are so carefully drawn up that they seem to me to have been composed by himself for the benefit of posterity.
3181	Nam Ciceronis ad praesens modo tempus aptatos libertus Tiro contraxit ; quos non ideo excuso , quia non probem , sed ut sint magis admirabiles . In hoc genere prorsus recipio hanc brevem adnotationem libellosque , qui vel manu teneantur , et ad quos interim respicere fas sit .	But Cicero's notes were originally intended merely to meet the requirements of the moment, and were afterwards collected by Tiro. In making this apology I do not mean to imply that I disapprove of them, but merely wish to make them more worthy of admiration. And in this connexion I must state that I admit the use of brief memoranda and note-books, which may even be held in the hand and referred to from time to time.
3182	Illud quod Laenas praecipit displicet mihi , vel in his quae scripserimus velut summas in commentarium et capita conferre . Facit enim ediscendi negligentiam haec ipsa fiducia et lacerat ac deformat orationem . Ego autem ne scribendum quidem puto , quod non sinus memoria persecuturi . Nam hic quoque accidit , ut revocet nos cogitatio ad illa elaborata nec sinat praesentem fortunam experiri .	But I disapprove of the advice given by Laenas, that we should set down in our note-books, duly tabulated under the appropriate headings, summaries of what we propose to say, even in cases where we have already written it out in full. For reliance on such notes as these makes us careless in learning what we have written and mutilates and deforms our style. For my own part I think that we should never write out anything which we do not intend to commit to memory. For if we do, our thoughts will run back to what we have elaborated in writing and will not permit us to try the fortune of the moment.
3183	Sic anceps inter utrumque animus aestuat , cum et scripta perdidit et non quaerit nova . Sed de memoria destinatus est libro proximo locus nec huic parti subiungendus , quia sunt alia prius nobis dicenda .	Consequently, the mind will waver in doubt between the two alternatives, having forgotten what was committed to writing and being unable to think of anything fresh to say. However, as the topic of memory will be discussed in the next book, I will not introduce it here, as there are other points which require to be dealt with first.
3184	Liber XI parata , sicut superior libro continetur , facultate scribendi cogitandique et ex tempore etiam , cum res poscet , orandi , proxima est cura , ut dicamus apte ; quam virtutem quartam elocutionis Cicero demonstrat , quaeque est meo quidem iudicio maxime necessaria .	Book XI After acquiring the power of writing and thinking, as described in the preceding book, and also of pleading extempore, if occasion demand, our next task will be to ensure that appropriateness of speech, which Cicero shows to be the fourth department of style, and which is, in my opinion, highly necessary.
3185	Nam cum sit ornatus orationis varius et multiplex conveniatque alius alii , nisi fuerit accommodatus rebus atque personis , non modo non illustrabit eam , sed etiam destruet et vim rerum in contrarium vertet . Quid enim prodest , esse verba et Latina et significantia et nitida , figuris etiam numerisque elaborata , nisi cum iis , in quae iudicem duci formarique volumus ,	For since the ornaments of style are varied and manifold and suited for different purposes, they will, unless adapted to the matter and the persons concerned, not merely fail to give our style distinction, but will even destroy its effect and produce a result quite the reverse of that which our matter should produce. For what profit is it that our words should be Latin, significant and graceful, and be further embellished with elaborate figures and rhythms, unless all these qualities are in harmony with the views to which we seek to lead the judge and mould his opinions?
3186	consentiant , si genus sublime dicendi parvis in causis , parvum limatumque grandibus , laetum tristibus , lene asperis , minax supplicibus , summissum concitatis , trux atque violentum iucundis adhibeamus ? ut monilibus et margaritis ac veste longa , quae sunt ornamenta feminarum , deformentur viri , nec habitus triumphalis , quo nihil excogitari potest augustius , feminas deceat .	What use is it if we employ a lofty tone in cases of trivial import, a slight and refined style in cases of great moment, a cheerful tone when our matter calls for sadness, a gentle tone when it demands vehemence, threatening language when supplication, and submissive when energy is required, or fierceness and violence when our theme is one that asks for charm? Such incongruities are as unbecoming as it is for men to wear necklaces and pearls and flowing raiment which are the natural adornments of women, or for women to robe themselves in the garb of triumph, than which there can be conceived no more majestic raiment.
3187	Hunc locum Cicero breviter in tertio de Oratore libro perstringit , neque tamen videri potest quidquam omisisse dicendo , non omni causae neque auditori neque personae neque tempori congruere orationis unum genus . Nec fere pluribus in Oratore eadem . Sed illic L . Crassus , cum apud summos oratores hominesque eruditissimos dicat , satis habet partem hanc velut notare inter agnoscentes ;	This topic is discussed by Cicero in the third book of the de Oratore, and, although he touches on it but lightly, he really covers the whole subject when he says, One single style of oratory is not suited to every case, nor to every audience, nor every speaker, nor every occasion. And he says the same at scarcely greater length in the Orator. But in the first of these works Lucius Crassus, since he is speaking in the presence of men distinguished alike for their learning and their eloquence, thinks it sufficient merely to indicate this topic to his audience for their recognition;
3188	et hic Cicero adloquens Brutum testatur esse haec ei nota ideoque brevius a se dici , quanquam sit fusus locus tracteturque a philosophis latius . Nos institutionem professi non solum scientibus ista , sed etiam discentibus tradimus , ideoque paulo pluribus verbis debet haberi venia .	while in the latter work Cicero asserts that, as these facts are familiar to Brutus, to whom that treatise is addressed, they will be given briefer treatment, despite the fact that the subject is a wide one and is discussed at greater length by the philosophers. 1, on the other hand, have undertaken the education of an orator, and, consequently, am speaking not merely to those that know, but also to learners; I shall, therefore, have some claim to forgiveness if I discuss the topic in greater detail.
3189	Quare notum sit nobis ante omnia , quid conciliando , docendo , movendo iudici conveniat , quid quaque parte orationis petamus . Ita nec vetera aut translata aut ficta verba in incipiendo , narrando , argumentando tractabimus neque decurrentes contexto nitore circuitus , ubi dividenda erit causa et in partes suas digerenda , neque humile atque cotidianum sermonis genus et compositione ipsa dissolutum epilogis dabimus , nec iocis lacrimas , ubi opus erit miseratione , siccabimus .	For this reason, it is of the first importance that we should know what style is most suitable for conciliating, instructing or moving the judge, and what effects we should aim at in different parts of our speech. Thus we shall eschew antique, metaphorical and newly-coined words in our exordium, statement of facts and arguments, as we shall avoid flowing periods woven with elaborate grace, when the case has to be divided and distinguished under its various heads, while, on the other hand, we shall not employ mean or colloquial language, devoid of all artistic structure, in the peroration, nor, when the theme calls for compassion, attempt to dry the tears of our audience with jests.
3190	Nam ornatus omnis non tam sua quam rei , cui adhibetur , condicione constat ; nec plus refert , quid dicas quam quo loco . Sed totum hoc apte dicere non elocutionis tantum genere constat , sed est cum inventione commune . Nam si tantum habent etiam verba momentum , quanto res ipsae magis ? Quarum quae esset observatio , suis locis subinde subiecimus .	For all ornament derives its effect not from its own qualities so much as from the circumstances in which it is applied, and the occasion chosen for saying anything is at least as important a consideration as what is actually said. But the whole of this question of appropriate language turns on something more than our choice of style, for it has much in common with invention. For if words can produce such an impression, how much greater must that be which is created by the facts themselves. But I have already laid down rules for the treatment of the latter in various portions of this work.
3191	Illud est diligentius docendum , eum demum dicere apte , qui non solum quid expediat , sed etiam quid deceat inspexerit . Nec me fugit , plerumque haec esse coniuncta . Nam quod decet , fere prodest , neque alio magis animi iudicum conciliari aut , si res in contrarium tulit , alienari solent .	Too much insistence cannot be laid upon the point that no one can be said to speak appropriately who has not considered not merely what it is expedient, but also what it is becoming to say. I am well aware that these two considerations generally go hand in hand. For whatever is becoming is, as a rule, useful, and there is nothing that does more to conciliate the good-will of the judge than the observance or to alienate it than the disregard of these considerations.
3192	Aliquando tamen et haec dissentiunt . Quotiens autem pugnabunt , ipsam utilitatem vincet quod decet . Nam quis nescit , nihil magis profuturum ad absolutionem Socrati fuisse , quam si esset usus illo iudiciali genere defensionis et oratione summissa conciliasset iudicum animos sibi crimenque ipsum sollicite redarguisset ?	Sometimes, however, the two are at variance. Now, whenever this occurs, expediency must yield to the demands of what is becoming. Who is there who does not realise that nothing would have contributed more to secure the acquittal of Socrates than if he had employed the ordinary forensic methods of defence and had conciliated the minds of his judges by adopting a submissive tone and had devoted his attention to refuting the actual charge against him?