The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (Cornelius Tacitus)

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	The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola Author: Cornelius Tacitus	Translator: Alfred John Church
1	Clarorum virorum facta moresque posteris tradere , antiquitus usitatum , ne nostris quidem temporibus quamquam incuriosa suorum aetas omisit , quotiens magna aliqua ac nobilis virtus vicit ac supergressa est vitium parvis magnisque civitatibus commune , ignorantiam recti et invidiam . sed apud priores ut agere digna memoratu pronum magisque in aperto erat , ita celeberrimus quisque ingenio ad prodendam virtutis memoriam sine gratia aut ambitione bonae tantum conscientiae pretio ducebatur . ac plerique suam ipsi vitam narrare fiduciam potius morum quam adrogantiam arbitrati sunt , nec id Rutilio et Scauro citra fidem aut obtrectationi fuit : adeo virtutes isdem temporibus optime aestimantur , quibus facillime gignuntur . at nunc narraturo mihi vitam defuncti hominis venia opus fuit , quam non petissem incusaturus : tam saeva et infesta virtutibus tempora .	To bequeath to posterity a record of the deeds and characters of distinguished men is an ancient practice which even the present age, careless as it is of its own sons, has not abandoned whenever some great and conspicuous excellence has conquered and risen superior to that failing, common to petty and to great states, blindness and hostility to goodness. But in days gone by, as there was a greater inclination and a more open path to the achievement of memorable actions, so the man of highest genius was led by the simple reward of a good conscience to hand on without partiality or self-seeking the remembrance of greatness. Many too thought that to write their own lives showed the confidence of integrity rather than presumption. Of Rutilius and Scaurus no one doubted the honesty or questioned the motives. So true is it that merit is best appreciated by the age in which it thrives most easily. But in these days, I, who have to record the life of one who has passed away, must crave an indulgence, which I should not have had to ask had I only to inveigh against an age so cruel, so hostile to all virtue.
2	Legimus , cum Aruleno Rustico Paetus Thrasea , Herennio Senecioni Priscus Helvidius laudati essent , capitale fuisse , neque in ipsos modo auctores , sed in libros quoque eorum saevitum , delegato triumviris ministerio ut monumenta clarissimorum ingeniorum in comitio ac foro urerentur . scilicet illo igne vocem populi Romani et libertatem senatus et conscientiam generis humani aboleri arbitrabantur , expulsis insuper sapientiae professoribus atque omni bona arte in exilium acta , ne quid usquam honestum occurreret . dedimus profecto grande patientiae documentum ; et sicut vetus aetas vidit quid ultimum in libertate esset , ita nos quid in servitute , adempto per inquisitiones etiam loquendi audiendique commercio . memoriam quoque ipsam cum voce perdidissemus , si tam in nostra potestate esset oblivisci quam tacere .	We have read that the panegyrics pronounced by Arulenus Rusticus on Pætus Thrasea, and by Herennius Senecio on Priscus Helvidius, were made capital crimes, that not only their persons but their very books were objects of rage, and that the triumvirs were commissioned to burn in the forum those works of splendid genius. They fancied, forsooth, that in that fire the voice of the Roman people, the freedom of the Senate, and the conscience of the human race were perishing, while at the same time they banished the teachers of philosophy, and exiled every noble pursuit, that nothing good might anywhere confront them. Certainly we showed a magnificent example of patience; as a former age had witnessed the extreme of liberty, so we witnessed the extreme of servitude, when the informer robbed us of the interchange of speech and hearing. We should have lost memory as well as voice, had it been as easy to forget as to keep silence.
3	Nunc demum redit animus ; et quamquam primo statim beatissimi saeculi ortu Nerva Caesar res olim dissociabilis miscuerit , principatum ac libertatem , augeatque cotidie felicitatem temporum Nerva Traianus , nec spem modo ac votum securitas publica , sed ipsius voti fiduciam ac robur adsumpserit , natura tamen infirmitatis humanae tardiora sunt remedia quam mala ; et ut corpora nostra lente augescunt , cito extinguuntur , sic ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius quam revocaveris : subit quippe etiam ipsius inertiae dulcedo , et invisa primo desidia postremo amatur . quid , si per quindecim annos , grande mortalis aevi spatium , multi fortuitis casibus , promptissimus quisque saevitia principis interciderunt , pauci et , ut ita dixerim , non modo aliorum sed etiam nostri superstites sumus , exemptis e media vita tot annis , quibus iuvenes ad senectutem , senes prope ad ipsos exactae aetatis terminos per silentium venimus ? non tamen pigebit vel incondita ac rudi voce memoriam prioris servitutis ac testimonium praesentium bonorum composuisse . hic interim liber honori Agricolae soceri mei destinatus , professione pietatis aut laudatus erit aut excusatus .	Now at last our spirit is returning. And yet, though at the dawn of a most happy age Nerva Cæsar blended things once irreconcilable, sovereignty and freedom, though Nerva Trajan is now daily augmenting the prosperity of the time, and though the public safety has not only our hopes and good wishes, but has also the certain pledge of their fulfillment, still, from the necessary condition of human frailty, the remedy works less quickly than the disease. As our bodies grow but slowly, perish in a moment, so it is easier to crush than to revive genius and its pursuits. Besides, the charm of indolence steals over us, and the idleness which at first we loathed we afterwards love. What if during those fifteen years, a large portion of human life, many were cut off by ordinary casualties, and the ablest fell victims to the Emperor's rage, if a few of us survive, I may almost say, not only others but our ownselves, survive, though there have been taken from the midst of life those many years which brought the young in dumb silence to old age, and the old almost to the very verge and end of existence! Yet we shall not regret that we have told, though in language unskilful and unadorned, the story of past servitude, and borne our testimony to present happiness. Meanwhile this book, intended to do honour to Agricola, my father-in-law, will, as an expression of filial regard, be commended, or at least excused.
4	Gnaeus Iulius Agricola , vetere et inlustri Foroiuliensium colonia ortus , utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit , quae equestris nobilitas est . pater illi Iulius Graecinus senatorii ordinis , studio eloquentiae sapientiaeque notus , iisque ipsis virtutibus iram Gai Caesaris meritus : namque Marcum Silanum accusare iussus et , quia abnuerat , interfectus est . mater Iulia Procilla fuit , rarae castitatis . in huius sinu indulgentiaque educatus per omnem honestarum artium cultum pueritiam adulescentiamque transegit . arcebat eum ab inlecebris peccantium praeter ipsius bonam integramque naturam , quod statim parvulus sedem ac magistram studiorum Massiliam habuit , locum Graeca comitate et provinciali parsimonia mixtum ac bene compositum . memoria teneo solitum ipsum narrare se prima in iuventa studium philosophiae acrius , ultra quam concessum Romano ac senatori , hausisse , ni prudentia matris incensum ac flagrantem animum coercuisset . scilicet sublime et erectum ingenium pulchritudinem ac speciem magnae excelsaeque gloriae vehementius quam caute adpetebat . mox mitigavit ratio et aetas , retinuitque , quod est difficillimum , ex sapientia modum .	Cnæus Julius Agricola was born at the ancient and famous colony of Forum Julii. Each of his grandfathers was an Imperial procurator, that is, of the highest equestrian rank. His father, Julius Græcinus, a member of the Senatorian order, and distinguished for his pursuit of eloquence and philosophy, earned for himself by these very merits the displeasure of Caius Cæsar. He was ordered to impeach Marcus Silanus, and because he refused was put to death. His mother was Julia Procilla, a lady of singular virtue. Brought up by her side with fond affection, he passed his boyhood and youth in the cultivation of every worthy attainment. He was guarded from the enticements of the profligate not only by his own good and straightforward character, but also by having, when quite a child, for the scene and guide of his studies, Massilia, a place where refinement and provincial frugality were blended and happily combined. I remember that he used to tell us how in his early youth he would have imbibed a keener love of philosophy than became a Roman and a senator, had not his mother's good sense checked his excited and ardent spirit. It was the case of a lofty and aspiring soul craving with more eagerness than caution the beauty and splendour of great and glorious renown. But it was soon mellowed by reason and experience, and he retained from his learning that most difficult of lessons—moderation.
5	Prima castrorum rudimenta in Britannia Suetonio Paulino , diligenti ac moderato duci , adprobavit , electus quem contubernio aestimaret . nec Agricola licenter , more iuvenum qui militiam in lasciviam vertunt , neque segniter ad voluptates et commeatus titulum tribunatus et inscitiam rettulit : sed noscere provinciam , nosci exercitui , discere a peritis , sequi optimos , nihil adpetere in iactationem , nihil ob formidinem recusare , simulque et anxius et intentus agere . non sane alias exercitatior magisque in ambiguo Britannia fuit : trucidati veterani , incensae coloniae , intercepti exercitus ; tum de salute , mox de victoria certavere . quae cuncta etsi consiliis ductuque alterius agebantur , ac summa rerum et recuperatae provinciae gloria in ducem cessit , artem et usum et stimulos addidere iuveni , intravitque animum militaris gloriae cupido , ingrata temporibus quibus sinistra erga eminentis interpretatio nec minus periculum ex magna fama quam ex mala .	He served his military apprenticeship in Britain to the satisfaction of Suetonius Paullinus, a painstaking and judicious officer, who, to test his merits, selected him to share his tent. Without the recklessness with which young men often make the profession of arms a mere pastime, and without indolence, he never availed himself of his tribune's rank or his inexperience to procure enjoyment or to escape from duty. He sought to make himself acquainted with the province and known to the army; he would learn from the skilful, and keep pace with the bravest, would attempt nothing for display, would avoid nothing from fear, and would be at once careful and vigilant. Never indeed had Britain been more excited, or in a more critical condition. Veteran soldiers had been massacred, colonies burnt, armies cut off. The struggle was then for safety; it was soon to be for victory. And though all this was conducted under the leadership and direction of another, though the final issue and the glory of having won back the province belonged to the general, yet skill, experience, and ambition were acquired by the young officer. His soul too was penetrated with the desire of warlike renown, a sentiment unwelcome to an age which put a sinister construction on eminent merit, and made glory as perilous as infamy.
6	Hinc ad capessendos magistratus in urbem degressus Domitiam Decidianam , splendidis natalibus ortam , sibi iunxit ; idque matrimonium ad maiora nitenti decus ac robur fuit . vixeruntque mira concordia , per mutuam caritatem et in vicem se anteponendo , nisi quod in bona uxore tanto maior laus , quanto in mala plus culpae est . sors quaesturae provinciam Asiam , pro consule Salvium Titianum dedit , quorum neutro corruptus est , quamquam et provincia dives ac parata peccantibus , et pro consule in omnem aviditatem pronus quantalibet facilitate redempturus esset mutuam dissimulationem mali . auctus est ibi filia , in subsidium simul ac solacium ; nam filium ante sublatum brevi amisit . mox inter quaesturam ac tribunatum plebis atque ipsum etiam tribunatus annum quiete et otio transiit , gnarus sub Nerone temporum , quibus inertia pro sapientia fuit . idem praeturae tenor et silentium ; nec enim iurisdictio obvenerat . ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit , uti longe a luxuria ita famae propior . tum electus a Galba ad dona templorum recognoscenda diligentissima conquisitione effecit , ne cuius alterius sacrilegium res publica quam Neronis sensisset .	From Britain he went to Rome, to go through the regu- lar course of office, and there allied himself with Domitia Decidiana, a lady of illustrious birth. The marriage was one which gave a man ambitious of advancement distinction and support. They lived in singular harmony, through their mutual affection and preference of each other to self. However, the good wife deserves the greater praise, just as the bad incurs a heavier censure. Appointed Quæstor, the ballot gave him Asia for his province, Salvius Titianus for his proconsul. Neither the one nor the other corrupted him, though the province was rich and an easy prey to the wrongdoer, while the proconsul, a man inclined to every species of greed, was ready by all manner of indulgence to purchase a mutual concealment of guilt. A daughter was there added to his family to be his stay and comfort, for shortly after he lost the son that had before been born to him. The year between his quæstorship and tribunate, as well as the year of the tribunate itself, he passed in retirement and inaction, for he knew those times of Nero when indolence stood for wisdom. His prætorship was passed in the same consistent quietude, for the usual judicial functions did not fall to his lot. The games and the pageantry of his office he ordered according to the mean between strictness and profusion, avoiding extravagance, but not missing distinction. He was afterwards appointed by Galba to draw up an account of the temple offerings, and his searching scrutiny relieved the conscience of the state from the burden of all sacrileges but those committed by Nero.
7	Sequens annus gravi vulnere animum domumque eius adflixit . nam classis Othoniana licenter vaga dum Intimilium ( Liguriae pars est ) hostiliter populatur , matrem Agricolae in praediis suis interfecit , praediaque ipsa et magnam patrimonii partem diripuit , quae causa caedis fuerat . igitur ad sollemnia pietatis profectus Agricola , nuntio adfectati a Vespasiano imperii deprehensus ac statim in partis transgressus est . initia principatus ac statum urbis Mucianus regebat , iuvene admodum Domitiano et ex paterna fortuna tantum licentiam usurpante . is missum ad dilectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum vicesimae legioni tarde ad sacramentum transgressae praeposuit , ubi decessor seditiose agere narrabatur : quippe legatis quoque consularibus nimia ac formidolosa erat , nec legatus praetorius ad cohibendum potens , incertum suo an militum ingenio . ita successor simul et ultor electus rarissima moderatione maluit videri invenisse bonos quam fecisse .	The following year inflicted a terrible blow on his affections and his fortunes. Otho's fleet, while cruising idly about, cruelly ravaged Intemelii, a district of Liguria; his mother, who was living here on her own estate, was murdered. The estate itself and a large part of her patrimony were plundered. This was indeed the occasion of the crime. Agricola, who instantly set out to discharge the duties of affection, was overtaken by the tidings that Vespasian was aiming at the throne. He at once joined his party. Vespasian's early policy, and the government of Rome were directed by Mucianus, for Domitian was a mere youth, and from his father's elevation sought only the opportunities of indulgence. Agricola, having been sent by Mucianus to conduct a levy of troops, and having done his work with integrity and energy, was appointed to command the 20th Legion, which had been slow to take the new oath of allegiance, and the retiring officer of which was reported to be acting disloyally. It was a trying and formidable charge for even officers of consular rank, and the late prætorian officer, perhaps from his own disposition, perhaps from that of the soldiers, was powerless to restrain them. Chosen thus at once to supersede and to punish, Agricola, with a singular moderation, wished it to be thought that he had found rather than made an obedient soldiery.
8	Praeerat tunc Britanniae Vettius Bolanus , placidius quam feroci provincia dignum est . temperavit Agricola vim suam ardoremque compescuit , ne incresceret , peritus obsequi eruditusque utilia honestis miscere . brevi deinde Britannia consularem Petilium Cerialem accepit . habuerunt virtutes spatium exemplorum , sed primo Cerialis labores modo et discrimina , mox et gloriam communicabat : saepe parti exercitus in experimentum , aliquando maioribus copiis ex eventu praefecit . nec Agricola umquam in suam famam gestis exultavit ; ad auctorem ac ducem ut minister fortunam referebat . ita virtute in obsequendo , verecundia in praedicando extra invidiam nec extra gloriam erat .	Britain was then under Vettius Bolanus, who governed more mildly than suited so turbulent a province. Agricola moderated his energy and restrained his ardour, that he might not grow too important, for he had learnt to obey, and understood well how to combine expediency with honour. Soon afterwards Britain received for its governor a man of consular rank, Petilius Cerialis. Agricola's merits had now room for display. Cerialis let him share at first indeed only the toils and dangers, but before long the glory of war, often by way of trial putting him in command of part of the army, and sometimes, on the strength of the result, of larger forces. Never to enhance his own renown did Agricola boast of his exploits; he always referred his success, as though he were but an instrument, to his general and director. Thus by his valour in obeying orders and by his modesty of speech he escaped jealousy without losing distinction.
9	Revertentem ab legatione legionis divus Vespasianus inter patricios adscivit ; ac deinde provinciae Aquitaniae praeposuit , splendidae inprimis dignitatis administratione ac spe consulatus , cui destinarat . credunt plerique militaribus ingeniis subtilitatem deesse , quia castrensis iurisdictio secura et obtusior ac plura manu agens calliditatem fori non exerceat : Agricola naturali prudentia , quamvis inter togatos , facile iusteque agebat . iam vero tempora curarum remissionumque divisa : ubi conventus ac iudicia poscerent , gravis intentus , severus et saepius misericors : ubi officio satis factum , nulla ultra potestatis persona ; tristitiam et adrogantiam et avaritiam exuerat . nec illi , quod est rarissimum , aut facilitas auctoritatem aut severitas amorem deminuit . integritatem atque abstinentiam in tanto viro referre iniuria virtutum fuerit . ne famam quidem , cui saepe etiam boni indulgent , ostentanda virtute aut per artem quaesivit : procul ab aemulatione adversus collegas , procul a contentione adversus procuratores , et vincere inglorium et atteri sordidum arbitrabatur . minus triennium in ea legatione detentus ac statim ad spem consulatus revocatus est , comitante opinione Britanniam ei provinciam dari , nullis in hoc ipsius sermonibus , sed quia par videbatur . haud semper errat fama ; aliquando et eligit . consul egregiae tum spei filiam iuveni mihi despondit ac post consulatum collocavit , et statim Britanniae praepositus est , adiecto pontificatus sacerdotio .	As he was returning from the command of the legion, Vespasian admitted him into the patrician order, and then gave him the province of Aquitania, a preeminently splendid appointment both from the importance of its duties and the prospect of the consulate to which the Emperor destined him. Many think the genius of the soldier wants subtlety, because military law, which is summary and blunt, and apt to appeal to the sword, finds no exercise for the refinements of the forum. Yet Agricola, from his natural good sense, though called to act among civilians, did his work with ease and correctness. And, besides, the times of business and relaxation were kept distinct. When his public and judicial duties required it, he was dignified, thoughtful, austere, and yet often merciful; when business was done with, he wore no longer the official character. He was altogether without harshness, pride, or the greed of gain. With a most rare felicity, his good nature did not weaken his authority, nor his strictness the attachment of his friends. To speak of uprightness and purity in such a man would be an insult to his virtues. Fame itself, of which even good men are often weakly fond, he did not seek by an ostentation of virtue or by artifice. He avoided rivalry with his colleagues, contention with his procurator, thinking such victories no honour and defeat disgrace. For somewhat less than three years he was kept in his governorship, and was then recalled with an immediate prospect of the consulate. A general belief went with him that the province of Britain was to be his, not because he had himself hinted it, but because he seemed worthy of it. Public opinion is not always mistaken; sometimes even it chooses the right man. He was consul, and I but a youth, when he betrothed to me his daughter, a maiden even then of noble promise. After his consulate he gave her to me in marriage, and was then at once appointed to the government of Britain, with the addition of the sacred office of the pontificate.
10	Britanniae situm populosque multis scriptoribus memoratos non in comparationem curae ingeniive referam , sed quia tum primum perdomita est . ita quae priores nondum comperta eloquentia percoluere , rerum fide tradentur . Britannia , insularum quas Romana notitia complectitur maxima , spatio ac caelo in orientem Germaniae , in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditur , Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur ; septentrionalia eius , nullis contra terris , vasto atque aperto mari pulsantur . formam totius Britanniae Livius veterum , Fabius Rusticus recentium eloquentissimi auctores oblongae scutulae vel bipenni adsimulavere . et est ea facies citra Caledoniam , unde et in universum fama : transgressis inmensum et enorme spatium procurrentium extremo iam litore terrarum velut in cuneum tenuatur . hanc oram novissimi maris tunc primum Romana classis circumvecta insulam esse Britanniam adfirmavit , ac simul incognitas ad id tempus insulas , quas Orcadas vocant , invenit domuitque . dispecta est et Thule , quia hactenus iussum , et hiems adpetebat . sed mare pigrum et grave remigantibus perhibent ne ventis quidem perinde attolli , credo quod rariores terrae montesque , causa ac materia tempestatum , et profunda moles continui maris tardius impellitur . naturam Oceani atque aestus neque quaerere huius operis est , ac multi rettulere : unum addiderim , nusquam latius dominari mare , multum fluminum huc atque illuc ferre , nec litore tenus adcrescere aut resorberi , sed influere penitus atque ambire , et iugis etiam ac montibus inseri velut in suo .	The geography and inhabitants of Britain, already described by many writers, I will speak of, not that my research and ability may be compared with theirs, but because the country was then for the first time thoroughly subdued. And so matters, which as being still not accurately known my predecessors embellished with their eloquence, shall now be related on the evidence of facts. Britain, the largest of the islands which Roman geography includes, is so situated that it faces Germany on the east, Spain on the west; on the south it is even within sight of Gaul; its northern extremities, which have no shores opposite to them, are beaten by the waves of a vast open sea. The form of the entire country has been compared by Livy and Fabius Rusticus, the most graphic among ancient and modern historians, to an oblong shield or battle-axe. And this no doubt is its shape without Caledonia, so that it has become the popular description of the whole island. There is, however, a large and irregular tract of land which juts out from its furthest shores, tapering off in a wedge-like form. Round these coasts of remotest ocean the Roman fleet then for the first time sailed, ascertained that Britain is an island, and simultaneously discovered and conquered what are called the Orcades, islands hitherto unknown. Thule too was descried in the distance, which as yet had been hidden by the snows of winter. Those waters, they say, are sluggish, and yield with difficulty to the oar, and are not even raised by the wind as other seas. The reason, I suppose, is that lands and mountains, which are the cause and origin of storms, are here comparatively rare, and also that the vast depths of that unbroken expanse are more slowly set in motion. But to investigate the nature of the ocean and the tides is no part of the present work, and many writers have discussed the subject. I would simply add, that nowhere has the sea a wider dominion, that it has many currents running in every direction, that it does not merely flow and ebb within the limits of the shore, but penetrates and winds far inland, and finds a home among hills and mountains as though in its own domain.
11	Ceterum Britanniam qui mortales initio coluerint , indigenae an advecti , ut inter barbaros , parum compertum . habitus corporum varii atque ex eo argumenta . namque rutilae Caledoniam habitantium comae , magni artus Germanicam originem adseverant ; Silurum colorati vultus , torti plerumque crines et posita contra Hispania Hiberos veteres traiecisse easque sedes occupasse fidem faciunt ; proximi Gallis et similes sunt , seu durante originis vi , seu procurrentibus in diversa terris positio caeli corporibus habitum dedit . in universum tamen aestimanti Gallos vicinam insulam occupasse credibile est . eorum sacra deprehendas ac superstitionum persuasiones ; sermo haud multum diversus , in deposcendis periculis eadem audacia et , ubi advenere , in detrectandis eadem formido . plus tamen ferociae Britanni praeferunt , ut quos nondum longa pax emollierit . nam Gallos quoque in bellis floruisse accepimus ; mox segnitia cum otio intravit , amissa virtute pariter ac libertate . quod Britannorum olim victis evenit : ceteri manent quales Galli fuerunt .	Who were the original inhabitants of Britain, whether they were indigenous or foreign, is, as usual among barbarians, little known. Their physical characteristics are various and from these conclusions may be drawn. The red hair and large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia point clearly to a German origin. The dark complexion of the Silures, their usually curly hair, and the fact that Spain is the opposite shore to them, are an evidence that Iberians of a former date crossed over and occupied these parts. Those who are nearest to the Gauls are also like them, either from the permanent influence of original descent, or, because in countries which run out so far to meet each other, climate has produced similar physical qualities. But a general survey inclines me to believe that the Gauls established themselves in an island so near to them. Their religious belief may be traced in the strongly-marked British superstition. The language differs but little; there is the same boldness in challenging danger, and, when it is near, the same timidity in shrinking from it. The Britons, however, exhibit more spirit, as being a people whom a long peace has not yet enervated. Indeed we have understood that even the Gauls were once renowned in war; but, after a while, sloth following on ease crept over them, and they lost their courage along with their freedom. This too has happened to the long-conquered tribes of Britain; the rest are still what the Gauls once were.