Caligula |
Translator: Alexander Thomson
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aditus ergo in itinere a legatis amplissimi ordinis ut maturaret orantibus , quam maxima uoce : ' ueniam , ' inquit , ' ueniam , et hic mecum , ' capulum gladii crebro uerberans , quo cinctus erat . edixit et reuerti se , sed iis tantum qui optarent , equestri ordini et populo ; nam se neque ciuem neque principem senatui amplius fore . uetuit etiam quemquam senatorum sibi occurrere . atque omisso uel dilato triumpho ouans urbem natali suo ingressus est ; intraque quartum mensem periit , ingentia facinora ausus et aliquanto maiora moliens , siquidem proposuerat Antium , deinde Alexandream commigrare interempto prius utriusque ordinis electissimo quoque . quod ne cui dubium uideatur , in secretis eius reperti sunt duo libelli diuerso titulo , alteri ' gladius , ' alteri ' pugio ' index erat ; ambo nomina et notas continebant morti destinatorum . inuenta et arca ingens uariorum uenenorum plena , quibus mox a Claudio demersis infecta maria traduntur non sine piscium exitio , quos enectos aestus in proxima litora eiecit .
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In his march he was waited upon by deputies from the senatorian order, entreating him to hasten his return. He replied to them, "I will come, I will come, and this with me," striking at the same time the hilt of his sword. He issued likewise this proclamation: "I am coming, but for those only who wish for me, the equestrian order and the people; for I shall no longer treat the senate as their fellow-citizen or prince." He forbad any of the senators to come to meet him; and either abandoning or deferring his triumph, he entered the city in ovation on his'birth-day. Within four months from this period he was slain, after he had perpetrated enormous crimes, and while he was meditating the execution, if possible, of still greater. He had entertained a design of removing to Antium, and afterwards to Alexandria, having first cut off the flower of the equestrian and senatorian orders. This is placed beyond all question by two books which were found in his cabinet under different titles, one being called the sword, and the other the dagger. They both contained private marks, and the names of those who were devoted to death. There was also found a large chest, filled with a variety of poisons, which being afterwards thrown into the sea by order of Claudius, are said to have so infected the waters that the fish were poisoned and cast dead by the tide upon the neighbouring shores. |
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Statura fuit eminenti , colore expallido , corpore enormi , gracilitate maxima ceruicis et crurum , oculis et temporibus concauis , fronte lata et torua , capillo raro at circa uerticem nullo , hirsutus cetera . quare transeunte eo prospicere ex superiore parte aut omnino quacumque de causa capram nominare , criminosum et exitiale habebatur . uultum uero natura horridum ac taetrum etiam ex industria efferabat componens ad speculum in omnem terrorem ac formidinem . Valitudo ei neque corporis neque animi constitit . puer comitiali morbo uexatus , in adulescentia ita patiens laborum erat , ut tamen nonnumquam subita defectione ingredi , stare , colligere semet ac sufferre uix posset . mentis ualitudinem et ipse senserat ac subinde de secessu deque purgando cerebro cogitauit . creditur potionatus a Caesonia uxore amatorio quidem medicamento , sed quod in furorem uerterit . incitabatur insomnio maxime ; neque enim plus quam tribus nocturnis horis quiescebat ac ne iis quidem placida quiete , sed pauida miris rerum imaginibus , ut qui inter ceteras pelagi quondam speciem conloquentem secum uidere uisus sit . ideoque magna parte noctis uigiliae cubandique taedio nunc toro residens , nunc per longissimas porticus uagus inuocare identidem atque expectare lucem consuerat .
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He was tall, of a pale complexion, ill-shaped, his neck and legs very slender, his eyes and temples hollow, his brows broad and knit, his hair thin, and the crown of the head bald. The other parts of his body were much covered with hair. On this account it was reckoned a capital crime for any person to look down from above as he was passing by, or so much as to name a goat. His countenance, which was naturally hideous and frightful, he purposely rendered more so, forming it before a mirror into the most horrible contortions. He was crazy both in body and mind, being subject, when a boy, to the falling sickness, When he arrived at the age of man hood he endured fatigue tolerably well; but still, occasionally, he was liable to a faintness, during which he remained incapable of any effort. He was not insensible of the disorder of his mind, and sometimes had thoughts of retiring to clear his brain. It is believed that his wife Caesonia administered to him a love potion which threw him into a frenzy. What most of all disordered him was want of sleep, for he seldom had more than three or four hours rest in a night; and even then his sleep was not sound, but disturbed by strange dreams, fancying, among other things, that a form representing the ocean spoke to him. Being, therefore, often weary with lying awake so long, sometimes he sat up in his bed, at others, walked in the longest porticos about the house, and from time to time invoked and looked out for the approach of day. |
51 |
Non inmerito mentis ualitudini attribuerim diuersissima in eodem uitia , summam confidentiam et contra nimium metum . nam qui deos tanto opere contemneret , ad minima tonitrua et fulgura coniuere , caput obuoluere , at uero maiore proripere se e strato sub lectumque condere solebat . peregrinatione quidem Siciliensi irrisis multum locorum miraculis repente a Messana noctu profugit Aetnaei uerticis fumo ac murmure pauefactus . aduersus barbaros quoque minacissimus , cum trans Rhenum inter angustias densumque agmen iter essedo faceret , dicente quodam non mediocrem fore consternationem sicunde hostis appareat , equum ilico conscendit ac propere reuersus ad pontes , ut eos calonibus et impedimentis stipatos repperit , impatiens morae per manus ac super capita hominum translatus est . mox etiam audita rebellione Germaniae fugam et subsidia fugae classes apparabat , uno solacio adquiescens transmarinas certe sibi superfuturas prouincias , si uictores Alpium iuga , ut Cimbri , uel etiam urbem , ut Senones quondam , occuparent ; unde credo percussoribus eius postea consilium natum apud tumultuantes milites ementiendi , ipsum sibi manus intulisse nuntio malae pugnae perterritum .
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To this crazy constitution of his mind may, I think, very justly be ascribed two faults which he had of a nature directly repugnant one to the other, namely, an excessive confidence and the most abject timidity. For he, who affected so much to despise the gods, was ready to shut his eyes and wrap up his head in his cloak at the slightest storm of thunder and lightning; and if it was violent he got up and hid himself under his bed. In his visit to Sicily, after ridiculing many strange objects which that country affords, he ran away suddenly in the night from Messini, terrified by the smoke and rumbling at the summit of Mount AEtna. And though in words he was very valiant against the barbarians, yet upon passing a narrow defile in Germany in his light car, surrounded by a strong body of his troops, some one happening to say, "There would be no small consternation amongst us if an enemy were to appear," he immediately mounted his horse and rode towards the bridge in great haste; but finding them blocked up with camp-followers and baggage-wagons, he was in such a hurry that he caused himself to be carried in men's hands over the heads of the crowd. Soon afterwards, upon hearing that the Germans were again in rebellion, he prepared to quit Rome and equipped a fleet, comforting himself with this consideration, that if the enemy should prove victorious and possess themselves of the heights of the Alps as the Cimbri had done, or of the city, as the Senones formerly did, he should still have in reserve the transmarine provinces. Hence it was, I suppose, that it occurred to his assassins to invent the story intended to pacify the troops who mutinied at his death, that he had laid violent hands upon himself in a fit of terror occasioned by the news brought him of the defeat of his army. |
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Vestitu calciatuque et cetero habitu neque patrio neque ciuili , ac ne uirili quidem ac denique humano semper usus est . saepe depictas gemmatasque indutus paenulas , manuleatus et armillatus in publicum processit ; aliquando sericatus et cycladatus ; ac modo in crepidis uel coturnis , modo in speculatoria caliga , nonnumquam socco muliebri ; plerumque uero aurea barba , fulmen tenens aut fuscinam aut caduceum deorum insignia , atque etiam Veneris cultu conspectus est . triumphalem quidem ornatum etiam ante expeditionem assidue gestauit , interdum et Magni Alexandri thoracem repetitum e conditorio eius .
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In the fashion of his clothes, shoes, and all the rest of his dress, he did not wear what was either national, or properly civic, or peculiar to the male sex, or appropriate to mere mortals. He often appeared abroad in a short coat of stout cloth, richly embroidered and blazing with jewels, in a tunic with sleeves, and with bracelets upon his arms; sometimes all in silks and habited like a woman; at other times in the crepide or buskins; sometimes in the sort of shoes used by the lightarmed soldiers, or in the sock used by women, and commonly with a golden beard fixed to his chin, holding in his hand a thunderbolt, a trident, or a caduceus, marks of distinction belonging to the gods only. Sometimes, too, he appeared in the habit of Venus. He wore very commonly the triumphal ornaments, even before his expedition, and sometimes the breast-plate of Alexander the Great, taken out of his coffin. |
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Ex disciplinis liberalibus minimum eruditioni , eloquentiae plurimum attendit , quantumuis facundus et promptus , utique si perorandum in aliquem esset . irato et uerba et sententiae suppetebant , pronuntiatio quoque et uox , ut neque eodem loci prae ardore consisteret et exaudiretur a procul stantibus . peroraturus stricturum se lucubrationis suae telum minabatur , lenius comptiusque scribendi genus adeo contemnens , ut Senecam tum maxime placentem ' commissiones meras ' componere et ' harenam esse sine calce ' diceret . solebat etiam prosperis oratorum actionibus rescribere et magnorum in senatu reorum accusationes defensionesque meditari ac , prout stilus cesserat , uel onerare sententia sua quemque uel subleuare , equestri quoque ordine ad audiendum inuitato per edicta .
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With regard to the liberal sciences, he was little conversant in philology, but applied himself with assiduity to the study of eloquence, being indeed in point of enunciation tolerably elegant and ready; and in his perorations, when he was moved to anger, there was an abundant flow of words and periods. In speaking, his action was vehement, and his voice so strong, that he was heard at a great distance. When winding up an harangue, he threatened to draw " the sword of his lucubration," holding a loose and smooth style in such contempt, that he said Seneca, who was then much admired, "wrote only detached essays," and that "his language was nothing but sand without lime." He often wrote answers to the speeches of successful orators; and employed himself in composing accusations or vindications of eminent persons, who were impeached before the senate; and gave his vote for or against the party accused, according to his success in speaking, inviting the equestrian order, by proclamation, to hear him. |
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Sed et aliorum generum artes studiosissime et diuersissimas exercuit . Thraex et auriga , idem cantor atque saltator , battuebat pugnatoriis armis , aurigabat extructo plurifariam circo ; canendi ac saltandi uoluptate ita efferebatur , ut ne publicis quidem spectaculis temperaret quo minus et tragoedo pronuntianti concineret et gestum histrionis quasi laudans uel corrigens palam effingeret . nec alia de causa uidetur eo die , quo periit , peruigilium indixisse quam ut initium in scaenam prodeundi licentia temporis auspicaretur . saltabat autem nonnumquam etiam noctu ; et quondam tres consulares secunda uigilia in Palatium accitos multaque et extrema metuentis super pulpitum conlocauit , deinde repente magno tibiarum et scabellorum crepitu cum palla tunicaque talari prosiluit ac desaltato cantico abiit . atque hic tam docilis ad cetera natare nesciit .
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He also zealously applied himself to the practice of several other arts of different kinds, such as fencing, charioteering, singing, and dancing. In the first of these, he practiced with the weapons used in war; and drove the chariot in circuses built in several places. He was so extremely fond of singing and dancing, that he could not refrain in the theatre from singing with the tragedians, and imitating the gestures of the actors, either by way of applause or correction. A night exhibition which he had ordered the day he was slain, was thought to be intended for no other reason, than to take the opportunity afforded by the licentiousness of the season, to make his first appearance upon the stage. Sometimes, also, he danced in the night. Summoning once to the palatium, in the second watch of the night, three men of consular rank, who feared the words of the message, he placed them on the proscenium of the stage, and then suddenly came bursting out, with a loud noise of flutes and castanets, dressed in a mantle and tunic reaching down to his heels. Having danced out a song, he retired. Yet he who had acquired such dexterity in other exercises, never learnt to swim. |
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Quorum uero studio teneretur , omnibus ad insaniam fauit . Mnesterem pantomimum etiam inter spectacula osculabatur , ac si qui saltante eo uel leuiter obstreperet , detrahi iussum manu sua flagellabat . equiti R . tumultuanti per centurionem denuntiauit , abiret sine mora Ostiam perferretque ad Ptolemaeum regem in Mauretaniam codicillos suos ; quorum exemplum erat : ' ei quem istoc misi , neque boni quicquam neque mali feceris . ' Thraeces quosdam Germanis corporis custodibus praeposuit . murmillonum armaturas recidit . Columbo uictori , leuiter tamen saucio , uenenum in plagam addidit , quod ex eo Columbinum appellauit ; sic certe inter alia uenena scriptum ab eo repertum est . prasinae factioni ita addictus et deditus , ut cenaret in stabulo assidue et maneret , agitatori Eutycho comisatione quadam in apophoretis uicies sestertium contulit . Incitato equo , cuius causa pridie circenses , ne inquietaretur , uiciniae silentium per milites indicere solebat , praeter equile marmoreum et praesaepe eburneum praeterque purpurea tegumenta ac monilia e gemmis domum etiam et familiam et supellectilem dedit , quo lautius nomine eius inuitati acciperentur ; consulatum quoque traditur destinasse .
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Those for whom he once conceived a regard, he favoured even to madness. He used to kiss Mnester, the pantomimic actor, publicly in the theatre; and if any person made the least noise while he was dancing, he would order him to be dragged from his seat, and scourged him with his own hand. A Roman knight once making some bustle, he sent him, by a centurion, an order to depart forthwith for Ostia, and carry a letter from him to king Ptolemy in Mauritania. The letter was comprised in these words: "Do neither good nor harm to the bearer." He made some gladiators captains of his German guards. He deprived the gladiators called Mirmillones of some of their arms. One Columbus coming off with victory in a combat, but being slightly wounded, he ordered some poison to be infused in the wound, which he thence called Columbinum. For thus it was certainly named with his own hand in a list of other poisons. He was so extravagantly fond of the party of charioteers whose colours were green, that he supped and lodged for some time constantly in the stable where their horses were kept. At a certain revel, he made a present of two millions of sesterces to one Cythicus, a driver of a chariot. The day before the Circensian games, he used to send his soldiers to enjoin silence in the neighbourhood, that the repose of his horse Incitatus, might not be disturbed. For this favourite animal, besides a marble stable, an ivory manger, purple housings, and a jewelled frontlet, he appointed a house, with a retinue of slaves, and fine furniture, for the reception of such as were invited in the horse's name to sup with him. It is even said that he intended to make him consul. |
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Ita bacchantem atque grassantem non defuit plerisque animus adoriri . sed una atque altera conspiratione detecta , aliis per inopiam occasionis cunctantibus , duo consilium communicauerunt perfeceruntque , non sine conscientia potentissimorum libertorum praefectorumque praetori ; quod ipsi quoque etsi falso in quadam coniuratione quasi participes nominati , suspectos tamen se et inuisos sentiebant . nam et statim seductis magnam fecit inuidiam destricto gladio affirmans sponte se periturum , si et illis morte dignus uideretur , nec cessauit ex eo criminari alterum alteri atque inter se omnis committere . Cum placuisset Palatinis ludis spectaculo egressum meridie adgredi , primas sibi partes Cassius Chaerea tribunus cohortis praetoriae depoposcit , quem Gaius seniorem iam et mollem et effeminatum denotare omni probro consuerat et modo signum petenti ' Priapum ' aut ' Venerem ' dare , modo ex aliqua causa agenti gratias osculandam manum offerre formatam commotamque in obscaenum modum .
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In this frantic and savage career, numbers had formed designs for cutting him off; but one or two conspiracies being discovered, and others postponed for want of opportunity, at last two men concerted a plan together. and accomplished their purpose; not without the privity of some of the greatest favourites amongst his freedmen, and the prefects of the pretorian guards; because, having been nante, though falsely, as concerned in one conspiracy against hipi, they perceived that they were suspected and become objects of his hatred. For he had immediately endeavoured to render them obnoxious to the soldiery, drawing his sword, and declaring, "That he would kill himself if they thought him worthy of death ;" and ever after he was continually accusing them to one another, and setting them all mutually at variance. The conspirators having resolved to fall upon him as he returned at noon from the Palatine garies, Cassius Charea, tribune of the pretorian guards, claimed the part of making the onset. This Chaerea was now an elderly man, and had been often reproached by Caius for effeminacy. When he came for the watchword, the latter would give "Priapus," or " Venus;" and if on any occasion he returned thanks, would offer him his hand to kiss, making with his fingers an obscene gesture. |
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Futurae caedis multa prodigia extiterunt . Olympiae simulacrum Iouis , quod dissolui transferrique Romam placuerat , tantum cachinnum repente edidit , ut machinis labefactis opifices diffugerint ; superuenitque ilico quidam Cassius nomine , iussum se somnio affirmans immolare taurum Ioui . Capitolium Capuae Id . Mart . de caelo tactum est , item Romae cella Palatini atriensis . nec defuerunt qui coniectarent altero ostento periculum a custodibus domino portendi , altero caedem rursus insignem , qualis eodem die facta quondam fuisset . consulenti quoque de genitura sua Sulla mathematicus certissimam necem appropinquare affirmauit . monuerunt et Fortunae Antiatinae , ut a Cassio caueret ; qua causa ille Cassium Longinum Asiae tum proconsulem occidendum delegauerat , inmemor Chaeream Cassium nominari . pridie quam periret , somniauit consistere se in caelo iuxta solium Iouis impulsumque ab eo dextri pedis pollice et in terras praecipitatum . prodigiorum loco habita sunt etiam , quae forte illo ipso die paulo prius acciderant . sacrificans respersus est phoenicopteri sanguine ; et pantomimus Mnester tragoediam saltauit , quam olim Neoptolemus tragoedus ludis , quibus rex Macedonum Philippus occisus est , egerat ; et cum in Laureolo mimo , in quo actor proripiens se ruina sanguinem uomit , plures secundarum certatim experimentum artis darent , cruore scaena abundauit . parabatur et in noctem spectaculum , quo argumenta inferorum per Aegyptios et Aethiopas explicarentur .
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His approaching fate was indicated by many prodigies. The statue of Jupiter at Olympia, which he had ordered to be taken down and brought to Rome, suddenly burst out into such a violent fit of laughter, that, the machines employed in the work giving way, the workmen took to their heels. When this accident happened, there came up a man named Cassius, who said that he was commanded in a dream to sacrifice a bull to Jupiter. The Capitol at Capua was struck with lightning upon the ides of March [i th March]; as was also, at Rome, the apartment of the chief porter of the Palatiun. Some construed the latter into a presage that the master of the palace was in danger from his own guards; and the other they regarded as a sign, that an illustrious person would be cut off, as had happened before on that day. Sylla, the astrologer, being consulted by him respecting his nativity, assured him, "That death would unavoidably and speedily befall him." The oracle of Fortune at Antium likewise forewarned him of Cassius; on which account he had given orders for putting to death Cassius Longi nus, at that time proconsul of Asia, not considering that Chaerea bore also that name. The day preceding his death he dreamt that he was standing in heaven near the throne of Jupiter, who giving him a push with the great toe of his right foot, he fell headlong upon the earth. Some things which happened the very day of his death, and only a little before it, were likewise considered as ominous presages of that event. Whilst he was at sacrifice, he was bespattered with the blood of a flamingo. And Mnester, the pantomimic actor, performed in a play, which the tragedian Neoptolemus had formerly acted at the games in which Philip, the king of Macedon, was slain. And in the piece called Laureolus, in which the principal actor, running out in a hurry, and falling, vomited blood, several of the inferior actors vying with each other to give the best specimen of their art, made the whole stage flow with blood. A spectacle had been purposed to be performed that night, in which the fables of the infernal regions were to be represented by Egyptians and Ethiopians. |
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VIIII . Kal . Febr. hora fere septima cunctatus an ad prandium surgeret marcente adhuc stomacho pridiani cibi onere , tandem suadentibus amicis egressus est . cum in crypta , per quam transeundum erat , pueri nobiles ex Asia ad edendas in scaena operas euocati praepararentur , ut eos inspiceret hortareturque restitit , ac nisi princeps gregis algere se diceret , redire ac repraesentare spectaculum uoluit . duplex dehinc fama est : alii tradunt adloquenti pueros a tergo Chaeream ceruicem gladio caesim grauiter percussisse praemissa uoce : ' hoc age ! ' dehinc Cornelium Sabinum , alterum e coniuratis , tribunum ex aduerso traiecisse pectus ; alii Sabinum summota per conscios centuriones turba signum more militiae petisse et Gaio ' Iouem ' dante Chaeream exclamasse : ' accipe ratum ! ' respicientique maxillam ictu discidisse . iacentem contractisque membris clamitantem se uiuere ceteri uulneribus triginta confecerunt ; nam signum erat omnium : ' repete ! ' quidam etiam per obscaena ferrum adegerunt . ad primum tumultum lecticari cum asseribus in auxilium accucurrerunt , mox Germani corporis custodes , ac nonnullos ex percussoribus , quosdam etiam senatores innoxios interemerunt .
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On the ninth of the calends of February [24th January], and about the seventh hour of the day, after hesitating whether he should rise to dinner, as his stomach was disordered by what he had eaten the day before, at last, by the advice of his friends, he came forth. In the vaulted passage through which he had to pass, were some boys of noble extraction, who had been brought from Asia to act upon the stage, waiting for him in a private corridor, and he stopped to see and speak to them; and had not the leader of the party said that he was suffering from cold, he would have gone back, and made them act immediately. Respecting what followed, two different accounts are given. Some say, that, whilst he was speaking to the boys, Chaerea came behind him, and gave him a heavy blow on the neck with his sword first crying out, "Take this:" that then a tribune, by name Cornelius Sabinus, another of the conspirators, ran him through the breast. Others say, that the crowd being kept at a distance by some centurions who were in the plot, Sabinus came, according to custom,.fr. the word, and that Caius gave him " Jupiter," upon which Chaerea cried out, "Be it so !" and then, on his looking round, clove one of his jaws with a blow. As he lay on the ground, crying out that he was still alive, the rest dispatched him with thirty wounds. For the word agreed upon among them all was, "Strike again." Some likewise ran their swords through his privy parts. Upon the first bustle, the litter bearers came running in with their poles to his assistance, and, immediately afterwards, his German body guards, who killed some of the assassins, and also some senators who had no concern in the affair. |
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Vixit annis uiginti nouem , imperauit triennio et decem mensibus diebusque octo . cadauer eius clam in hortos Lamianos asportatum et tumultuario rogo semiambustum leui caespite obrutum est , postea per sorores ab exilio reuersas erutum et crematum sepultumque . satis constat , prius quam id fieret , hortorum custodes umbris inquietatos ; in ea quoque domo , in qua occubuerit , nullam noctem sine aliquo terrore transactam , donec ipsa domus incendio consumpta sit . perit una et uxor Caesonia gladio a centurione confossa et filia parieti inlisa .
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He lived twenty-nine years, and reigned three years, ten months and eight days. His body was carried privately into the Lamian Gardens, where it was half burnt upon a pile hastily raised, and then had some earth carelessly thrown over it. It was afterwards disinterred by his sisters, on their return from banishment, burnt to ashes, and buried. Before this was done, it is well-known that the keepers of the gardens were greatly disturbed by apparitions; and that not a night passed without some terrible alarm or other in the house where he was slain, until it was destroyed by fire. His wife Caesonia was killed with him, being stabbed by a centurion; and his daughter had her brains knocked out against a wall. |
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Condicionem temporum illorum etiam per haec aestimare quiuis possit . nam neque caede uulgata statim creditum est , fuitque suspicio ab ipso Gaio famam caedis simulatam et emissam , ut eo pacto hominum erga se mentes deprehenderet ; neque coniurati cuiquam imperium destinauerunt ; et senatus in asserenda libertate adeo consensit , ut consules primo non in curiam , quia Iulia uocabatur , sed in Capitolium conuocarent , quidam uero sententiae loco abolendam Caesarum memoriam ac diruenda templa censuerint . obseruatum autem notatumque est in primis Caesares omnes , quibus Gai praenomen fuerit , ferro perisse , iam inde ab eo , qui Cinnanis temporibus sit occisus .
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Of the miserable condition of those times, any person may easily form an estimate from the following circumstances. When his death was made public, it was not immediately credited. People entertained a suspicion that a report of his being killed had been contrived and spread by himself with the view of discovering how they stood affected towards him. Nor had the conspirators fixed upon any one to succeed him. The senators were so unanimous in their resolution to assert the liberty of their country, that the consuls assembled them at first not in the usual place of meeting, because it was named after Julius Caesar, but in the Capitol. Some proposed to abolish the memory of the Caesars, and level their temples with the ground. It was particularly remarked on this occasion, that all the Caesars, who had the praenomen of Caius, died by the sword, from the Caius Caesar who was slain in the times of Cinna. |